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Description
Flashcards by Sam Yarnall, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sam Yarnall
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| In 2001 what was the Total Fertility Rate? | 1.63 |
| In 2014 what was the Total Fertility Rate? | 1.83 |
| What was the Total Fertility Rate in 1964? | 2.95 |
| Why are there changes in Total Fertility rate? | More women are remaining childless than in the past. Women are postponing having children: the average age for giving birth now is 30, and fertility rates for women in their 30s and 40s are on the increase. Older women may be less fertile and have fewer fertile years remaining, and so they produce fewer children. |
| What is the definition for Total Fertility rate? | It is the average number of children a women would have during fertile years. (Usually between 15-44) |
| What is the definition for birth rate? | The number of live births per thousand of the population per year. |
| What factors have affected the decline in birth rate? | Changes in women's position. Decline in the infant mortality rate - More children are living so parents aren't having children to replace the ones that they had lost. Children are now an economic liability. Child centeredness. |
| What effects are there in the family with changes in fertility? | Dual earner couples. The dependency ratio. Vanishing children. Public services and policies. An ageing population. |
| What factors are associated with children being an economic liability? | Laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory education and raising the school leaving age mean that children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer. Changing norm about what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms mean that the cost of bringing up children has risen. |
| What does the term 'child centeredness' mean? | Parents now spend more attention and resources on their children as there are now fewer children. |
| What is the definition of the Dependency ratio? | It is the relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of the non-working or dependent part of the population. |
| What does 'vanishing children' mean? | Childhood is becoming lonelier experience as fewer children will have siblings, and more childless adults may mean fewer voices speaking up in support of children's interests. |
| What effect does a lower birth rate have on public services and policies? | Fewer schools, maternity and health services may be needed. It also affects the cost of maternity and paternity leave and the types of housing that need to build. However, many of these are political decisions. |
| What are is meant by an ageing population? | There are more old people than young people. |
| What does the term 'death rate' mean? | The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. |
| What are the reasons for the decline in death rate? | Improved nutrition. Medical improvements. Smoking and diet. Public health measures. Other social changes. |
| What did McKeown in 1972 argue about improved nutrition? | Accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates, and was particularly important in reducing the number of deaths from TB. Better nutrition increased resistance to the infection and increased the survival chances of those who did become infected. |
| What medical improvements or advances led to the decline in death rates? | Introduction of antibiotics, immunisation (vaccines), blood transfusion, improved maternity services as well as the introduction of the NHS services in 1948. Recent improved medication such as by-pass surgery and other developments have reduced deaths from heart disease by one-third. |
| According to Harper, why is smoking and dies the greatest fall in death rates. | Reduction of people smoking. Obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic. Deaths from obesity has been kept low as a result of drug therapies. Harper suggests that we may be moving to an 'American' health culture. |
| What are the public health measures that affect the decline in death rate? | Improvements in housing, purer drinking water, laws to combat the adulteration of food and drink, the pasteurisation of milk, and improved sewage disposal methods. Similarly, the Clean Air Acts reduced air pollution, such as the smog that led to 4,000 deaths in 5 days in 1952. |
| What other social changes affect the decline in death rate? | The decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining. Smaller families reduced the rate of transmission of infection. Greater public knowledge of the causes of illness. Lifestyle changes, especially the reduction in the number of men who smoke. Higher incomes, allowing for a healthier lifestyle. |
| What term does this description belongs to: Refers to how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live. | Life expectancy. |
| In the 1900's what were the live expected age for males and females? | 50 for males and 57 for females. |
| In 2013 what were the live expected age for males and females? | 90.7 for males and 94 for females. |
| What are some of the reasons for longer life expectancy? | Women generally live longer, but that gap has narrowed due to employment. Working class in manual labour are expected live less compared to those in higher positioned jobs. According to Walker (2011) Disability free life expectancy difference is 17 years. |
| What was the average age in the UK during 1971? | 34.1 years old. |
| What was the average age in the UK during 2013? | 40.3 |
| What is the predicted life expected age by 2037? | 42.8 |
| What was Donald Hirsch study? | The traditional age 'pyramid' is disappearing and being replaced by more or less equal size 'blocks' representing the different age groups. For example, by 2041 there will be as many 78 year olds as 5 year olds. |
| What is an age pyramid? | Shows the change of ages over the years. |
| What are three factors for an ageing population? | Increasing life expectancy. Declining infant mortality. Declining fertility. |
| What is immigration? | Movement into society or into a country. |
| What is emigration? | Movement out of a country or society. |
| What is net migration? | It is the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the numbers of emigrants, and is expressed as a net increase or a net decrease due to migration |
| What effect does immigration have on the UK? | Greater Diversity. |
| Why was there an increase of migration during war times? | To seek protection and refuge. |
| What are some of the 'push' factors for emigration? | Economic recession and unemployment at home. |
| What are the 'pull' factor for emigration? | Higher wages or better opportunities abroad. |
| What impact does migration have on the UK? | Population size, age structure and the dependency ratio. |
| What was the net migration in 2014? | 260,000 |
| What percentage of non-EU citizens in the UK during 2014? | 47% |
| What percentage of EU citizens in the UK during 2014? | 38% |
| What percentage of British citizens are returning to the UK? | 14% |
| What direct affects does migration have on the age structures? | Immigrants are generally younger. For example in 2011, the age of UK passport holders was 42, whereas that of non-UK passport holders living in Britain was 31. |
| What indirect affects does migration have on the age structures? | Being younger, immigrants are more fertile and thus produce more babies. |
| What three effects does migration have on dependency ratio? | 1) Lower dependency ratio. 2)Since children are joining it then increases the dependency ration but it will lower again when they work. 3)The longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing their overall impact on the dependency ratio. |
| What is the definition for Globalisation? | The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and barriers are disappearing. |
| What effect does Globalisation have on migration? | Increases as it is easier to travel. |
| What did Steven Vertovec say about differentiation due to Globalisation that lead to the 'Super-Diversity'? | Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries. |
| What three types of migrants did Robin Cohen say in 2006? | Citizens- Full citizenship rights. Denizens- Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state. Helots- The most exploited group. (literally, slaves) The state sees them as being a disposable work force |
| What effect did Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild say about the feminisation of migration in (2003)? | 1) The expansion of service occupations (which traditionally employ women) in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour. 2) Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour. 3) Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour. 4)The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare. |
| What policies were introduced due to globalisation? | Assimilationism was the first state policy approach to immigration. Encouraged for immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host country. Multiculturalism- accepts that migrants wish to retain separate identities. |
| What two types of diversity was introduced due to multiculturalism? | Shallow diversity- such as regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain's National dish, is acceptable to the state. Deep diversity such as arranged marriages or the veiling or women, is not acceptable. |
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