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Flashcards by Grace Bennett, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Grace Bennett
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is evidence of extended influence in East and West Africa in 1857-1890? | -Egypt and Sudan occupied in 1882 -Southern and Northern Nigeria chartered company 1885. -Gambia settlement established in 1888. -British East Africa chartered company 1888. |
| What were the economic reasons for expansion 1857-1890? | -The Great depression 1873-1896. -France, Germany, Italy and Russia and the USA dropped free trade in favour of protectionism, so British exports fell. -Leading to a renewed interest in Africa for new raw materials and more markets. |
| What was the role of chartered companies? | -Aimed to exclude other europeans from British bases. -Chartered companies also provided evidence of "effective occupation" necessary after the Berlin conference in 1885 to expand territory. |
| Give an example of a chartered company: | -British East African Company 1888 -Created by William Mackinnon, financially not successful due to conflict with tribes, but later began tea plantations. |
| Give examples of roles of individuals? | -David Livingstone for religious reasons. -For wealth and profit George Goldie and William Mackinnon. -Scientific research - John Kirk. |
| What was the impact of explorers? | -Opened up the interior of Africa, published findings, and created maps as well as opportunities for traders to gain from. -They also ignited a huge public interest in Empire back at home i.e. African exhibition in 1890. -Explorers also stimulated scientific study which helped to 'justify' the british presences by bringing the word of the Christian god to the natives. |
| How did Missionaries influence growth of Empire? | -Missionaries believed in the world-wide conversion to Christianity. -An example of missionaries helping the Empire grow is in 1882 John Mackenzie pressurising the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland. -Missionaries also were important in increasing public interest in Empire, by snide back word of their travels back to GB, evidence of this interest was that special pamphlets were created for women and children also. -They also contributed to the belief that the indigenous people were inferior and the idea of 'Social Darwinism'. -Salisbury commented- First the missionary, then the consul , then the general. |
| What was 'The White Man's Burden'? | -Missionary activity also gave British governments a mandate for their activities in late 19th century, as it supported a racial ideology that emphasised the inferiority of the indigenous people which was used by government to justify imperial missions. -The scientific basis for this moral right and imperial duty was the corrupted view of 'Origin of Species' in 1859 into social Darwinism. |
| What were the two events which led to the Scramble for Africa? | -Brussels conference 1876 -Berlin conference in 1884-5 |
| What happened in the Brussels conference, and the impact of it? | -Hosted by King Leopald. -Concluded that Africans were incapable of developing natural resources-therefore Europeans must intervene. -Due to the conference, and suspicions of Leopald's motivations, other european powers' activities began to speed up, prompting Britain as well in a sense of rivalry. |
| What happened in the Berlin conference? | -Major powers negotiated their claims to territory, and claims were formally mapped out into spheres of influence. -A general act was signed to promise; free trade, protection of indigenous people and suppressing the slave trade, established the principle of effective occupation to have a formal claim. -Due to this by 1900, 90% of Africa was under european hands. |
| How successful was the Berlin conference? | -For the Europeans: allowed the powers to expand their empire without conflict. -For the indigenous people: no representation, little concern for religious or ethnic considerations and no attempt to ensure wellbeing or end slavery, except in areas controlled by Britain. |
| How was the Great power rivalry a reason for the Scramble for Africa in 1885-1900? | -By the late 1800s Britain was concerned about the industrialisation and expansion of other european powers: Germany was making gains, France was determined to reassert their place in the world, and both had increased their navies, which threatened the British empire. |
| What were the political reasons fro the Scramble for Africa? | -Lord Salisbury's government in 1895. -Determined to uphold Britain's dominant position in the world. -British protectorates were expanded to increase security of pre-existing ports, and to safeguard markets and raw materials. |
| Give an example of why and how did Britain gain control over territories in West Africa? | -Ashantiland: In the 1890s Britain demanded that their king turn over his land to the British as a protectorate, his refusal resulted in a war, which then led to his deposal and the territory conquered, added to the Gold coast. -An example of consolidating territory to prevent further French gains in W. Africa and protecting existing economic interests. |
| Give an example of how and why did Britain gain control over territories in East Africa? | -Zanzibar- had significant British economic influence due to the activities of John Kirk. -Zanzibar was declared a protectorate in 1890, however the Puppet Sultan died and his cousin refused to step down when ordered to by Britain. -Ensued the shortest war in history, with a 38 minutes of Royal Navy bombardment. -Strategically important due to as off coast of British East Africa. |
| How didi the discovery of diamonds in 1867 influence British expansion in South Africa? | -Diamonds were discovered in 1867, in west Griqualand , creating a diamond rush attracting white settlers to the area. -Britain annexed Basutoland in 1868, claiming to protect the natives from the Boers. -Britain annexed W. Griqualand in 1871 and later the east . |
| How did competition with the Boers influence British expansion in Southern Africa. | -Both British and Boers sought control over the region for economic motivations. -Britain under Disraeli proposed a federation of British and Boer territory in 1875, which was rejected by the Boers. -Boers were unsuccessful with conflict with Pedi tribe, so Britain annexed the Transvaal in 1877 stating they were protecting white settlers from the Pedi and Zulus, Boers reluctantly accepted this aid. -Bartle Frere engineered conflict with Zulus in 1879, Britain suffered humiliating defeat at Isandlwana in 1879, however ultimately won at Ulundi. Setbacks due to this conflict meant conservatives lost 1880 election. -In 1880 Boers turned on British to regain independence, Boer militia besieged British garrisons, defeated Britain at Majuba Hill in 1881, Britain forced to recognise Boer self-government in Transvaal. -Gladstone refused any further conflict, and GB still in control of Transvaal external affairs. |
| How did fears of German expansion influence British expansion in South Africa? | -German influence in the region increased in the 1880s, and GB government feared a Boer/German alliance. -With the added campaigning of John Mackenzie (missionary), GB annexed Bechuanaland in 1885, ignoring Paul Kruger, making the North a protectorate and South a crown colony. -This was a strategic attempt to prevent a combining of Germans and Boers. |
| How did Cecil Rhodes and the British South Africa Company influence British expansion in South Africa? | -Rhodes formed the British South Africa Company in 1889, both the company and him formed a British presence in south Zambesia, later called Rhodesia. -Rhodes used force to establish British settlers in the area, and later exploited the natives of the area by gaining exclusive mining rights in exchange for £500, after the indigenous people realised they had been conned, a series of wars were fought and they were defeated, so after 1895, South Zambezi became known as Rhodesia. -However this expansion was done without the GB government but by a private company. |
| How did seeking control of Transvaal's gold death influence British expansion in SouthAfrica? | -There was a great urgency after 1886, when new gold fields were discovered in the Transvaal, this gave way to a rush of non-boers nicknamed Uitlanders int the area, however the Boer Government, Paul Kruger, denied the Uitlanders citizenship and voting rights. -So Rhodes and Chamberlain pushed hard with the hopes of a federation still. In order to act as a counter to German territorial claims, limit Boer political influence and to control the gold wealth. |
| What was the Jameson Raid of 1895? | The Jameson raid in 1895, was due to the fact it was clear Kruger wouldn't agree to a federation, and the Uitlanders were angry at the lack of citizenship so sought the help of Rhodes. -Rhodes had his agent Jameson, launch a military raid against the Boers of the Transvaal, however it was a complete disaster, poorly panned and executed. -Hardened Boer attitudes and Rhodes was forced to resign a PM of Cape Colony in 1896. |
| How did the 2nd Boer war break out? | -Joseph Chamberlain, who was believed to gave support to the Jameson raid, had to balance avoiding war with maintaining British dominance. -Alfred Milner the British High Commissioner of SA, led negotiations, and demanded full citizenship rights for Uitlanders after 5 years. -Boers attacked Natal, as Kruger and the Boers felt threatened by the British. |
| What happened in the 2nd Boer war? | The 2nd Boer war was 1899 to 1902, Britain had to deploy 400,000 troops to fight 30,000 Boers, costing £250 million. -Boers finally defeated in 902, humiliating for British. -Boers acknowledged themselves as British subjects, and Boer republics became British colonies. -In 1910 An Act Of Union, created a single parliament and union of South Africa. |
| What impact did the Boer war have on public opinion? | -1900 Conservatives on the Khaki election, nicknamed after the khaki uniforms for the British troops, seen as public support of the Empire. -Emily Hobhouse, a welfare campaigner, led a government enquiry into the treatment of the Boers in concentration camps. -Hobson a writer, wrote about how imperial expansion was driven by economics, and this is why the elite started the BW. -Another concern was national efficiency, as in 1900 56% of men in army recruitment medicals were under a certain height compared to 10% in 1845. -However not a shift against imperialism due to empire not questioned. |
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