5455682
Description
Flashcards by jazmindala, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jazmindala
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Statistical Deviation | When an individual has a less common characteristic (measurable) + Real-life Application (diagnosis) - Unusual characteristics can be positive - Not everyone unusual benefits from a label: (intellectual disability disorder but not distressed) |
| Deviation from Social Norms | Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standard of behaviour in a community or society (APD) -Not a sole explanation -Cultural Relativism, norms vary form culture to culture -Leads to human rights abuse (slaves/nymphomania) |
| Failure to Function Adequately | Someone is unable to COPE with demands of everyday life: Interpersonal rules,Experiences Distress,Irrational/dangerous + Takes into account the patients perspective -Deviation from social norms? (limiting personal freedom) - Subjective judgements -distress? Global Assessment of Functioning Scale |
| Deviation from Ideal Mental Health | Marie Jahoda -Doesn't meet a certain set of criteria 1. No symptoms of distress 2. Rationalise and perceive ourself accurately 3. Self-actualise 4.Cope with stress 5. Realistic view of world 6. Good self-esteem and lack guilt 7. Independent 8. Work, love and enjoy our leisure + Comprehensive - covers lots - Cultural relativism/western/individualist - Unrealistically high standard |
| Phobias (Specific, Social Anxiety, Agoraphobia) | Behavioural -Panic -Avoidance -Endurance Emotional -Anxiety -Unreasonable Cognitive -Selective attention -Irrational Beliefs -Cognitive distortions |
| Depression (Major, Persistent,Disruptive Mood Dysregulation, Premenstrual Dysphoric) [disorder] | Behavioural -Activity Levels -Sleep and Eating -Aggression/self harm Emotional -Lowered Mood -Anger -Lowered Self Esteem Cognitive -Poor Concentration -Dwelling on Negative Absolutist thinking |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Behavioural -Compulsions (repetitive & reduce anxiety) -Avoidance Emotional -Anxiety and Distress -Accompanying Depression -Guilt and Disgust Cognitive -Obsessive thoughts -Cognitive strategies -Insight into excessive anxiety |
| Explaining Phobias (behavioural) | Acquire by classical- Little albert Maintain by operant - move away from stimulus is negative reinforcement + Good explanatory power - application to therapy - Alternative explanation for avoidance=not always maintained with anxiety reduction(feelings of safety) -incomplete explanation= evolutionary factors,biological preparedness (seligman) Also not all phobias induced and cognitive aspects |
| Treating Phobias (behavioural) | 1. systematic desensitisation [new response learned ](anxiety hierarchy,relaxation,exposure) +effective +suitable for wide range of patients +preferred by patients 2. Flooding [cs without ucs] (classical conditioning- extinguish learned response) informed consent +cost effective +cannot be used for all phobias -Traumatic |
| Explaining Depression (cognitive) | Beck's cognitive theory of depression -Faulty info processing (neg not pos) -Negative self schemas Negative triad (world [no hope] ,future [reduce hopefulness] ,self [lowers self esteem]) +good supporting evidence (65 pregnant, cognitive vun=PND) +Practical application in CBT -doesn't explain all aspects of depression (anger,hallucinations,cotard syndrome [zombie]) Ellis's ABC Model Activating event Beliefs - irrational (musterbation/utopianism) Consequences - irrational beliefs --> emotional & behavioural -Partial explanation (reactive depression) +Practical application in CBT -not all aspects" |
| Treating Depression (cognitive) | CBT - Beck's Cognitive therapy -identify automatic negative triad -challenge directly and patients test -homework (record positive things) -use as evidence to dispute so wrong CBT - Ellis's Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy -ABCDE (dispute/effect) -statement,argument,break links to :( -Empirical argument = evidence? -Logical argument = thought follows from fact? (behavioural activation - active enjoyable activities, evidence of irrationality) +effective -CBT not for severe cases (no motivation for hard work so w/ antidepressant ) -therapist-patient relationship comparative reviews (luborsky) listening |
| Explaining OCD (biological) | Genetic -Lewis (37% parents,21% siblings) -diathesis-stress model (more vulnerable) -Candidate genes (regulate serotonin 5HT1-D beta) -OCD polygenic (230 genes [Taylor] serotonin and dopamine) -Types of OCD (aetiologically heterogeneous/types dif) +supporting evidence (twins 68% mono zygotic 31% di-zygotic [Nestadt] -Too many candidate genes so not useful -Environmental risk factors (50% had trauma [Cromer]) Neural Explanations -Serotonin (regulate mood,transfer of mood relevant info not happening) -Decision making systems (lateral/frontal lobes [decision making and logical thinking] ,parahippocampal gyrus=processing unpleasant emotions) +supporting evidence (antidepressants work/ symptoms also in biological conditions -neural mechanisms? others but not always - Relationship NOT cause and effect |
| Treating OCD (biological) | Drug Therapy SSRIs -prevent re-absorption or serotonin so remains in synapse and continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron -Fluoxetine = 20mg / day and delayed impact Combining with other treatments -CBT(drugs help emotional symptoms so can engage) Alternatives -drugs increased then together then changed -Tricyclics (older, eg clomipramine[same but worse side effects]) -SNRIs (serotonin-nonadrenaline reuptake inhibitors) +effective symptoms (placebo [Soomro]) +Cost effective and non-disruptive -have side effects (no benefit or indigestion,blurred vision, loss of sex drive) -Clomipramine (erection problems tremors weight gain, blood pressure and heart rhythm) |
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