History: Textbook Pg 170-175

Question	Answer
What are the explanations for the success of the Arab Muslim armies?	One possible reason is that they were brave, well armed & skilful fighters.
Source 2 A painting	Arab soldiers in the seventh/first century, painted about 800 years later
Source 3 A fragment	from a tenth/fourth-century manuscript, showing Arab soldiers at that time
Source 4 A modern historian describes Arab tactics	The Arabs made good use of their experience of desert warfare. They were mounted on horses. After attack they could therefore retreat back into the safety of the desert.
Source 5 A catapult	drawn in the fourteenth/eighth century, but used by the Arabs from the eleventh/fifth century
Source 6 Hand grenades	used by Muslim troops from the twelfth/sixth century
Source 7 A ninth/third century Persian writer describes Arab tactics & methods	The Persians said to the Arabs, "You had only cane lances, tipped with ox-horn, and you used to ride your horses bareback in battle. The Arabs lance used a solid shaft, but we know that a hollow one is lighter to carry and gives a more powerful thrust. You used to make war in separate, unorganised bands. You used not to fight at night, and you knew nothing of the ambush. Nor did you know anything of the instruments of war-the battering ram, the catapult, or throwing fire.
When the Arabs were divided they were no threat to anyone. When they were united they became a major new power.	The Arabs were transformed by Islam. The habit of disciplined prayer helped them to take orders and co - operate when fighting.
They believed that if they died fighting for Islam they would go straight to heaven	The neighbouring Byzantine and Persian Empires had been fighting each other from 603 to 629/7. By the time they face the Muslims they were exhausted by war.
Many people whose countries had been taken by Byzantine and Persian Empires hated the rulers and welcomed the Muslim invaders as liberators.	The more lands Muslims conquered the more wealth they got to pay their armies and the more soldiers wanted to fight for them.
Source 8 2 sayings of Muhammad*	a) swords are the key to paradise b) a day and night fighting is better than a month of fasting and prayer
Source 9 written by a modern historian	In Emesa in Syria, the Jews and Christians closed the city gates against their own Byzantine troops and sided with the Muslims. In Spain, the Jewish communities revolt against their rulers and in city after city the overstretched Muslims organised them into garrisons.
Source 10 An Arab general offers terms for surrender in the seventh/first century	This is what we will grant the people of Damascus if we enter it: security for their lives, property and churches. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them.
Source 11 A modern Muslim writer describes the spread of Islam	It has united all the different nations in one bond of love
Source 12 some rules of war laid down by Abu Bakr in the seventh/first century	Do not betray or steal any of the booty. Do not practise treachery or multilation. Do not kill a young child, an old man or a woman.
Source 2 An Islamic city Ankara in Turkey about 1000 years after Muhammad*	painted in the eighth/twelfth century
What did the new capital look like?	The caliphs chose Baghdad as the capital. They built it as a round city. To the Muslims, a circle meant unity & power.
Source 3 Reconstruction of the Round City at Baghdad	Nothing remains of this original city but many people visited it and wrote about it.
Baghdad grew very quickly.	It was founded in 762/144 and by 814/198 it was the world's largest city!
Source 4 A map of Baghdad	Baghdad in 814/198
What was life in Baghdad?	depended on whether ypu are rich or poor Many merchants lived in Baghdad but there are also vast numbers of poor people.
Source 5 2 eighth/second-century proverbs about buying a house in Baghdad	a) the neighbour is the first consideration the house is next b) 2000 dinars( gold coins) for the house another 2000 for the neighbourhood
Source 6 from a description of ninth/third-century Baghdad	Areas where the poor lived: Auatin al-Kilab, Nahr Adanj Areas where the rich lived: Zhir, Shammasiya, Mamuniya
Source 7 a rich person's house	Image: 7d078b76-9833-47ff-ad50-2797b3ad6303 (image/jpeg)
Source 8 a poor person's house	Image: a417be99-c5e6-4f0c-ac95-650ef7db104d (image/jpeg)

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History: Textbook Pg 170-175

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