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| Question | Answer |
| What is ‘civilization’? | an established population w/ a steady source of food, water and other goods |
| What are the key characteristics of civilization? | 1. Advanced cities 2. Specialized workers 3. Complex institutions 4. Advanced technology 5. Record keeping |
| How did humans evolve from hunter-gatherers to farmers to city-dwellers? | Hunter- gatherers to farmers: - agricultural revolution (food producing) - Slash-burn-farming Farmers to city-dwellers: - new tools, arts/crafts (wheel/sail) - technology to control environment - social classes/organized religions |
| Catal Huyuk - Is it a civilization? | Agricultural Villiage - raised livestock - grew crops -skilled workers (potters/weavers) - cultural life - wall paintings - disease, fire, flood, drought, neighbors attack |
| Evidence: What's the difference between reliable and useful evidence | Reliability - Trustworthy information Usefulness - relevant information/amount of information |
| Who were the Indo-Europeans? | Group of nomadic peoples - came from the steppes (dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus) Languages - English, Spanish, Persian and Hindi can all trace their roots back |
| How did the Hittite Empire begin and end? | 1650 - 1190 BCE - Succeeded militarily - iron weapons, first to develop iron technology Ended because tribes burned down capital |
| How did the Minoan Civilization begin and end? | 2000 - 1400 BCE - agriculture, advanced cities, artwork - peaceful - no invaders 1200 BCE - earthquakes/volcanoes - never recovered, invaded from Greece |
| Who were the Aryans? What is the caste system? | Aryans - came from between Caspian/Aral sea - migrated to Indus River Valley in India Caste System - four groups (varnas) - Priests, warriors, traders/landowners, peasants/traders - bottom of caste - known as "untouchables" |
| What were the major achievements of the Phoenicians? | 1. creation of the alphabet 2. First people to travel farther than Strait of Gibraltar |
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