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| Question | Answer |
| Two ways religion is seen as a conservative force | 1. Being traditional, by upholding beliefs on how society should be. 2. It functions to conserve and preserve things to maintain the status quo. |
| Functionalists | See religion as a conservative force as it maintains social stability and social solidarity. |
| Marxists and Feminists | Religion is a conservative force, but also ideology to prevent change as a means of social control to maintain capitalism and patriarchy. |
| Weber | Religion leads to social change. E.g. Calvinism is a factor in the rise of capitalism in Northern Europe. |
| Calvinist Beliefs: Predestination | The number of places in heaven is limited and those placed are pre-determined with no way of changing them. |
| Calvinist Beliefs: Divine Transcendance | God is so far above and this world that to mortal can possible claim to know his will. The couldn't know they had a place in heaven. |
| Calvinist Beliefs: Asceticism | Abstinence, self-discipline and self-dentil from pleasure. |
| Calvinist Beliefs: Vocation or Calling | Calvinists introduced the idea of vocation meaning work in an occupation not monastery Their wealth and success made them feel as though God favoured them. Their asceticism meant they saved and reinvested money - Leading to capitalism. |
| Hinduism | Hinduism is ascetic, but is other-worldly and focused on spiritual over material growth. |
| Confucianism | Confucianism did favour material goods like the Calvinists, however they were not ascetic and failed to accumulate the required wealth for capitalism to take shape. |
| Evaluations of Weber | 1. Kautsky: Weber over estimates ideas and underestimates the role of economic factors. Capitalism preceded Calvinism. 2. Tawney: Technological change caused capitalism. Ruling class adopted Calvinism after capitalism to legitimate oppression. 3. Not every Calvinist country developed capitalism. e.g. Scotland. However Marshall argues that this was due to a lack of investment and skilled labour. |
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