6630096
| Question | Answer |
| When does the Roman conquest expand over the peninsula? | 3rd C BC. to 4th C. AD (200 BC - 300 A.D) "Iberia became one of the most Romanized portions of the empire" |
| Influences (3) | Language, religion, law |
| At first conquest was _______ How was it conducted? | Slow - signed treaties and conquer those who resist Takes 200 years for full control Difficult terrains + traditions of local rule there was scarcely a year in two centuries that did not see fighting in one or more regions. |
| After conquest, area was divided into 2 areas: Hispania ______ Hispania ________ | Citerior Ulterior |
| End of Punic Wars results in: | a band of control along the Mediterranean coast and beyond Gibraltar as far as Cádiz. part of the peninsula with the greatest number of towns and cities, and the part longest influenced by the other Mediterranean civilizations |
| Why does the fact that there is no centralized power make it difficult? Towns or regions that resisted they forced into submission, often through long wars. This was the case with ______, which fell only after a lengthy siege. | had to deal separately with one small group after another. They focused on cities and towns in this segmented expansion, making treaties with existing towns and tribes that agreed to join the Roman world, and giving their inhabitants affiliate Roman status. Numantia (3BC) |
| The Romans had become involved in what they called Hispania only to thwart the ambitions of _______ | Carthage |
| They were quick to recognize the advantages the peninsula offered. These ranged from the ______– as one historian said, they could claim to have reached the end of the world where Hispania touched the boundless ocean – to the ______and _______ | psychological practical mundane |
| Control of the peninsula would help secure the sea routes to __________ | western Gaul, Britain, and the mouth of the Rhine. |
| The Roman republic and later Roman emperors benefited from _______ on land and _______from mineral exploitation in the peninsula | taxes on profits |
| Several would-be emperors owned profitable _______there, and in fact launched from Hispania their _______ to secure the imperial throne. _______ and _______ also established themselves successfully in the peninsula as the Romans settled in. | estates campaigns Merchants bureaucrats |
| Rome’s authority in the inland areas of the peninsula spread slowly, reaching its fullest extent only after ____________ | two centuries |
| a process of _________ began almost immediately after the Romans moved in, and proceeded as local and imported customs interacted and blended. | acculturation |
| The Romans imposed their ______and members of the local elite who wished to deal with the Roman authorities and to function in the new system had to learn _______and the ______ | law Roman law Latin language |
| ___________ fostered biological integration and cultural assimilation as well. Prominent among those who intermarried were __________who remained in Spain and received land when their enlistments ended. Later, _________ who sought opportunities in Spain secured local marriages and the connections they brought. | Intermarriage Roman soldiers Roman immigrants |
| Roman religion, including the __________ and the many mystery religions of Roman or eastern Mediterranean origin, spread to Spain with the immigrants and became established there. | cult of the emperor |
| An important key to understanding the Roman period in Spain is the story __________that linked the various parts of the peninsula together for the first time and connected it to the wider Mediterranean world. In some cases, the Romans created new _________often by ________ to _________ | of the towns and cities municipalities, offering land retiring and disabled soldiers. |
| Newly created municipalities under direct Roman control were called ________whose inhabitants were Roman citizens enjoying _____privileges | “colonies,” tax |
| The implantation of colonies began very early on. In _____, the Roman general_______ established a colony of veteran soldiers at the new town of _____ near _____, now an important archeological site | 206 bce Publius Cornelius Scipio Itálica, near Seville |
| Other colonies joined existing municipalities, such as the small town of _______, or _______ (Roman Tarraco), already a sizeable city and the chief town of the ______ tribe | Mérida Tarragona Cessetani |
| _______became the capital of Hispania Citerior. | Tarraco (Tarragona) |
| In time, indigenous communities became associated with the Romans and received the title of _______ (sing., municipium). Officials of such towns received _______and the ordinary inhabitants became ____, a lesser status that did not confer _______ | municipia full Roman citizenship Latin citizens tax exemptions |
| Where the terrain permitted, Romans laid out their towns on a common,______ pattern with the principal ________ street, called the ______ intersecting with the main _______ called the ________ usually to form a ______ | rectilinear north–south cardus, east–west street decumanus, a main square |
| The construction of public works also aided in the Romanization of a town Most Roman municipalities had _____ _________over local rivers, and _____ to assure the water supply | walls bridges aqueducts |
| The aqueduct of ______ is the most prominent one remaining today, but portions of others exist in Mérida and Tarragona | Segovia |
| Roman houses followed a typical Mediterranean pattern, with rooms opening into a _____ _______and presenting an easily fortified face to the street. Tile roofs and stone, brick, or plaster exteriors provided a durable structure, relying on local materials Roman towns had temples (later churches), public baths, schools, and, in the case of larger towns and cities, stadiums, race courses, and elaborate theatres and amphitheatres | central atrium |
| The most important cities of Roman Spain gained that status because they offered ___________ _______ the capital of Hispania Citerior, sat on a strategic hilltop, which its previous rulers, the _______ had already walled. | strategic advantages Tarraco Cessetani |
| Only five days from Rome by sea, Tarraco also had a road link to the_____valley and thus quick access to the interior of Spain. One of the most prominent cities inland from Tarraco was ____________ (now Zaragoza/Saragossa), whose name indicates its foundation as a colony by Emperor Augustus between __ and __ BC | Ebro Caesar Augusta 19 and 15 bce. |
| The natural harbor at today’s ________ on the Mediterranean served as an ideal site for a town in Carthaginian times, and the Romans made it a prominent port for the entire southeastern region of ____________ They also minted ______ there. | Cartagena Hispania Citerior coins |
| In the southwest of Hispania Ulterior, Roman ships and boats came up the __________ River as far as ______ (modern Córdoba), where a major bridge spanned the river. The city was a Roman regional capital, founded as a municipium in the _______, made a colony of army veterans under Julius Caesar and Augustus. | Guadalquivir Corduba second century bc (100's) |
| Down the Guadalquivir River from Córdoba, near Itálica, lay the town of _______(Seville), which was in existence from the time of _______ In fact, he may have founded it himself during his short tenure as governor of ________ in__and ___BC | Hispalis Julius Caesar Hispania Ulterior 61 and 60 bce. |
| Hispalis became a prominent river port with access to the __________which undoubtedly explains its ascendancy over _______ | Atlantic Ocean Itálica |
| At the mouth of the _________ Gades (Cádiz) was already an ancient city when the Romans arrived. With its huge bay and ideal defensible site, Gades served as a strategic ____on Rome’s Atlantic shipping routes and gained additional wealth from_________ Julius Caesar gave the city’s residents full _________ . the urban infrastructure included temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, and an amphitheatre. | Guadalquivir, port fishing Roman citizenship |
| _______, on the Guadiana River in western Spain near the Portuguese border, retains many architectural and engineering reminders of its Roman past. The city began life as _______ _______, a colony for the veterans of Augustus’s campaigns in the northwest of the peninsula. | Mérida Augusta Emerita It retains its Roman bridge, the remains of several aqueducts, a theatre, an amphitheatre, and a number of other monuments. |
| Even today, Latin adjectival forms often appear in formal usage for Spanish cities and other institutions: | matritense for Madrid; onubense for Huelva, the Roman Onuba; abulense for Ávila; hispalense for Seville, among many others.Madrid’s oldest university is the Universidad Complutense, originally founded in Alcalá de Henares, the Roman Complutum |
| Despite these pervasive remnants of the Roman presence in Spain, the process of Romanization was __________________throughout the peninsula. | never complete |
| ______ and _______ Hispania assimilated most completely into the Roman world, following their long tradition of contact with successive Mediterranean civilizations. Farther to ___________ Roman influence faded, with some notable exceptions. The _______ ________ _________ were the least affected by contact with Rome | Eastern and southern the west and north northern mountainous areas |
| Throughout the peninsula_______areas were more romanized than _____areas, and urban elites assimilated more completely than _______of the population. W | urban rural poorer segments |
| Jewish communities began to form in the__________ A.D populated by refugees who fled westward following the Romans’ destruction of the temple of ________ in the ___________A.D | second century ce, Jerusalem first century ce |
| Jewish communities in Iberia maintained a continuous existence and developed a rich culture, creating the _______branch of European Jewry | Sephardic |
| During the Roman period, the rural economy of Iberia changed considerably. _________ characteristic of pre-Roman days, declined as peasant farmers competed unsuccessfully with larger holdings amassed by Roman immigrants and members of the local elite. | Smallholdings, |
| The large landowners could afford to acquire slaves and operate on a much larger scale, producing for a network of markets both within and outside Iberia. | The Roman style of villa – a large complex with the owner’s residence, housing for the workers, barns, and workshops – spread in the more Romanized portions of the peninsula. |
| Large landowners sold their products in urban markets all over Roman Spain, and exported products by sea to other markets around the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Exports from Hispania also included ______ | Olive oil traveled in large pottery amphorae to Italy and the Rhine valley. Wine also traveled to Italy; wheat, flax, wool, and esparto grass, both in their raw states and processed into biscuit, cloth, rope, and baskets. Spanish-produced pottery and glass also made their way into the export markets of the Mediterranean and up the Rhone and other rivers into continental Europe. |
| Some of the earliest Mediterranean traders to reach Iberia came because of the abundant____ available along the coasts. | fish |
| The town of_______was an important center of the fish-salting industry. Founded in the time of ______(...) as a municipium, it lay on the Atlantic coast between Gibraltar and _____ _______ and had important ties with _____in North Africa. | Baelo Claudia the emperor Claudius (41–54 ce) Cape Trafalgar Tangier |
| Baelo Claudia also produced the widely popular fish sauce the Romans called_____ known to earlier inhabitants as garon | garum *various flavorings into stone vats under the hot sun, and then let the mixture ferment for several weeks. The process resulted in a pungent sauce that would keep for months, or even years, in clay pots. |
| Baelo Claudia suffered an earthquake in the _______A.D that cut its easy access to the hinterland. The settlement declined thereafter and finally was _____ | second century ce abandonned |
| Due to Spain’s importance in the Roman world, there were frequent contacts and migrations between ______and Hispania. | Italy |
| The emperors Trajan and ______ were born in Spain, and the Emperor ______ I as well. ______, the emperor and Stoic philosopher, was of Spanish ancestry, though born in Rome. In philosophy and literature, Seneca, Quintilian, Martial, and Lucan were all born in Hispania, of either Hispanic or Roman parentage. | Hadrian Theodosius 1 Marcus Aurelius |
| Christianity came early to Iberia, certainly as early as the_______century. There are even traditions that Saint _____and Saint______ preached in Spain. | second James Paul |
| The early history of Iberian Christianity is obscure, though it was probably linked initially with the establishment of Jewish communities in ________Spain during the early Jewish diaspora in the________century | eastern and southern second century |
| By the ______ Century the details of Christian history in Iberia become clearer. By then, Christian communities were large enough to have their own ______ and to maintain ties with the papacy in Rome. The persecution of Christians by Roman authorities in Hispania occurred ______ | third century bishops sporadically |
| Early in the fourth century, Christianity received recognition as a ________ throughout the Roman Empire, and thereafter expanded rapidly. By the _____s it became the legal and official religion of the empire, under Emperor ________ By then, Christianity had become fully established in Spain | legal religion 390s Theodosius I |
| The most important early act of the Spanish church occurred at the Council of ______ in____ when the clergy announced their allegiance to the Nicene Creed as the basis of their faith. The church in Spain remained largely independent of secular authority, having secured _______ from taxation and the right to __________ from Roman authorities. | Toledo 400 immunity judicial autonomy |
| Over the course of the third and fourth centuries, the______ portions of the Roman Empire experienced economic and demographic alterations. Popular histories often refer to this as the decline of the Roman Empire, but the decline __________ all parts of the empire equally. | western did not affect |
| Imperial defense suffered from these changes in the west, and the Romans found it more and more difficult to maintain their ______frontiers against the tide of outside groups that wanted to penetrate the empire. By the late _________ there were separate emperors in the eastern and western portions of the empire, as well as separate ____________ | northern fourth century military commands |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.