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| Question | Answer |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) Social Perception is defined as: | The study of "how we form impressions of other people" and "make inferences about them" |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) The way in which people communicate, intentionally/unintentionally, without words/nonverbal cues include: facial expr, tone of voice, gestures, body position/movement, the use of touch/eye gaze is the definition of what form of communication? | Nonverbal Communication |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) Nonverbal cues serve many functions in communication. They help people express their emotions, their attitudes, and their personality. For example: | You express “I’m angry” by narrowing your eyes, lowering your eyebrows, staring intently, and setting your mouth in a thin, straight line. |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) Nonverbal communication may also play a role in: | Eliciting Empathy |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) The fact that we automatically mimic other people’s facial expressions, such as happiness, sadness, and disgust is shown through... | "Facial Electromyography" (recording the movements of facial muscles) |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) The "extent of mimicry" differs, depending on: | Our gender, the gender of the person, whether we like him or her etc. |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) An example of mimicry is: | Women especially like to mimic other peoples smiles |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) (Hess) - our tendency to "mimic other people’s facial expressions" suggests that we may reflect what emotion: | empathy—the capacity to feel what someone else is feeling. |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) Research in neuroscience has found that humans (and our close relatives, primates) have a special kind of brain cell called | "Mirror Neurons" |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) Mirror neurons respond when we perform: | "an action" and when "we see someone else perform the same action" |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) An example of how Mirror Neurons work: | when we see someone crying, these mirror neurons fire automatically and involuntarily, just as if we were crying ourselves |
| Bruno Wicker and co investigated the role of mirror neurons in the emotion of disgust. They used "functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)" to look at "the pattern of brain cells firing" in research participants as they performed two different tasks: tasks: | "smelling obnoxious, gross odours" and "watching a film of an actor wrinkling his face with a disgusted look" |
| (Chapter 4 - Social Perception) The researchers found that feeling disgusted oneself (from smelling something gross) and observing someone else’s facial expression of disgust activated: | "the same region" of a participant’s brain |
| The study of how people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behaviour | Attribution Theory |
| The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about him or her, such as his or her attitude, character, or personality | Internal Attribution |
| The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation | External Attribution |
| A theory stating that to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs | Covariation Model |
| (Text - Covariation Model) When we are forming an attribution, what three key types of information do we examine for covariation? | 1.)consensus 2.)distinctiveness and 3.)consistency |
| (Text - Covariation Model) refers to how other people behave toward the same stimulus— in this case, Hannah | Consensus information |
| (Text - Covariation Model) refers to how the actor (the person whose behaviour we are trying to explain) responds to other stimuli | Distinctiveness information |
| (Text - Covariation Model) refers to the frequency with which the observed behaviour between the same actor and the same stimulus occurs across time and circumstances | Consistency Information |
| (Text - Covariation Model) when these three sources of information combine into one of two distinct patterns | a clear attribution can be made |
| If consensus, distinctiveness are LOW and consistency is HIGH then a __________ attribution is made. | Internal Attribution |
| If consensus, distinctiveness, consistency are ALL HIGH, then a ___________ attribution is made. | External Attribution |
| *Note: When consistency is "LOW" we cannot make a clear____________ | internal attribution OR external attribution |
| *Note: When consistency is "LOW" we resort to a special kind of "external" or "situational" attribution | one that assumes something "unusual" or "peculiar" is going on in these circumstances (i.e.) the boss just received very upsetting news and lost his temper with the first person he saw |
| Covariation Model assumes that: | that people make causal attributions in a rational, logical way |
| Research has confirmed that people often do make attributions the way that Kelley’s model says they should | with two exceptions |
| There are two exceptions to the Covariational Model | 1.)studies have shown that people don’t use consensus information as much as Kelley’s theory predicted; they rely more on consistency and distinctiveness information when forming attributions |
| There are two exceptions to the Covariational Model | 2.) people don’t always have "the relevant information" they need on all three of Kelley’s dimensions |
| In these situations, research has shown that people proceed with the attributional process by using the information they do have, and if necessary | making inferences about the “missing data” |
| they believed that the positive feedback reflected the confederate’s true opinion of them | a dispositional attribution |
| the covariation model portrays people as master detectives for example: | for example, deducing the causes of behaviour as systematically and logically as Sherlock Holmes would |
| to attribute her behaviour to being a bad mother and a cold-hearted murderer - When thinking this way, we are more like___________ | personality psychologists - who see "behaviour" as "stemming from internal dispositions" and "traits" |
| social psychologists, who focus on the | "impact of social situations" on behaviour |
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour is due to personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational is defined as ____________________________ | Fundamental Attribution Error |
| Fundamental Attribution Error is also called the | correspondence bias |
| Why is the Fundamental Attribution Error is also called the "correspondence bias"? | because of our tendency to infer that people’s behaviour corresponds to or matches their personality |
| the tendency to see people’s behaviour as "a reflection of their dispositions and beliefs", rather than "as influenced by the situation" is viewed as? | Fundamental Attribution Error |
| What may influence the "correspondence bias" | Cultural context |
| More likely for people in North America to make this error vs. those in Eastern cultures | "correspondence bias" |
| To improve accuracy of attributions, be more aware of ___________. | biases - (i.e.) jumping to conclusion that person is shy, ask oneself about situation that would cause person to act shy |
| Applies when we only have one instance of behaviour, People infer whether situational influences are sufficient to explain the behavior | The Causal Schema Model |
| Ex. doing something nice for their boss: we only want promotion/raise | The Causal Schema Model |
| If a plausible situational cause exists, we reduce the importance of an___________ | internal cause (discounting principle) |
| If a "situational cause" exists "that should have inhibited the behavior", we enhance the importance of an | internal cause (augmentation principle) |
| An example of an internal cause (augmentation principle) | E.g., person who made large donation to charity in spite of only making $40,000 / year must be a very generous person |
| E.g., person who made large donation to charity in spite of only making $40,000 / year must be a very generous person | We assume an especially strong internal cause, therefore we infer that they’re exceptionally generous/honest individuals |
| i.e. if the observer viewed it through a camera focused on the detective, they perceived the confession as more coerced camera perspective influenced people’s guilt judgements even when Ps were instructed not to let this bias occur by researchers before hand | Actor-observer bias |
| The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune i.e., Homeless person must have done something to deserve his/her misfortune is viewed as | Defensive attribution |
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