6919423
Description
Flashcards by Jenna Lehmann, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jenna Lehmann
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Piaget Stage age 2-7 | Preoperational: -using symbols -pretend play -asking a lot of questions |
| Representational Skills | Being able to represent in your mind what you're talking about rather than needing to hold onto everything |
| Limitations of Preoperational thought | -Perception Based Thinking -Unidimensional thought/Centration -Irreversibility -Transductive Reasoning -Egocentrism |
| Perception Based Thinking | What you see is what you get: rely heavily on the feel, touch, smell, taste, sound, and appearance of things in solving problems |
| Unidimensional Thought | -Focus on one aspect of something and ignoring others -Ex. Focused on the line of the water in the cups, not the logic of volume |
| Irreversibility | Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps |
| Transductive Reasoning | -Thinking from one particular to another from the perspective of self -Rules are cause and effect -"I haven't had my nap, so it isn't afternoon yet." |
| Egocentrism | -Failure to distinguish others' views from one's own -Lack of spatial perspective taking -Egocentric speech |
| Theory of Mind | Other people have different thoughts, beliefs, experiences, etc. from your own. -Awareness of Mental Life -Mastery of False Beliefs |
| Awareness of Mental Life (age 2) | Understanding that people are thinking and feeling things, but only have a few explanations for why you feel that way. Ex. "Are you sad because you got a boo-boo?" |
| Mastery of False Beliefs (about age 4) | Understanding that you know things that other people don't necessarily know and that other people might know things you don't know. Ex. Band Aid box |
| What factors contribute to Theory of Mind? | -Language and cognitive skills -Make-believe play (imaginary friends for example) -Social interaction with others |
| What is Personal Identity? | Predictable pattern in how children describe themselves |
| How do children describe themselves? | - Focus on concrete characteristics (appearance, abilities); things they can prove to you - Tend to be unrealistically positive |
| What is Personal Storytelling? | Personal narrative that helps children acquire an enduring sense of themselves |
| What are some ways children show interest in their personal narrative? | -They like to look at pictures in books to help differentiate themselves and their world from others. -They like to look at older pictures of themselves |
| What's the difference between personal storytelling in western vs eastern cutlures? | -Western: self-centered autobiographical memory -Eastern: incorporate other people in the autobiographical memory |
| What's the difference between personal storytelling depending on SES? | -Higher SES: self-centered -Lower SES: incorporate others |
| What is Gender Typing? | Process of developing gender roles or gender-linked preferences and behaviors |
| What are the most important factors in Gender Typing? | -Labeling their own and others' sexes, which is learned from adults and involves strict schemas - Categories of behaviors and activities |
| What does Social Learning Theory say about Gender Identity? | -Gender typing behavior leads to gender identity -kids understand their own gender identity through imitation and reinforcement for proper gendered behavior |
| What does Cognitive-Developmental Theory have to say about Gender Typing? | -Self-perceptions come before behavior -Basic sex-role identity (labeling as boy or girl) - Sex-role stability (sex role stable over time) -Sex-role constancy (sex remains the same no matter the condition) |
| What does Gender Schema Theory have to say about Gender Typing? | -combines social and cognitive theories -Combination of reinforcement by others but self-interests are also an important determining factor -before conceptual knowledge of sex roles, boys and girls behave differently |
| Emotional Regulation | Avoid or reducing emotionally charged information by closing their eyes, turning away, or putting hands over their ears |
| Explain how language is used in emotional regulation. | -reassure and encourage themselves -usually outloud because verbal thought isnt interalized yet |
| Explain how active engagement is used in emotional regulation. | -focus attention on something else to control their interest in something they can't have -laser-like focus on something else |
| What are the consequences of not being able to regulate emotions as a child? | -conflict with peers -peer rejection |
| What are the three ways young children learn to self-control? | -inhibition of movement -inhibition of emotions -inhibition of choice (ex. delayed gratification) |
| What are the stages of play? | -Solitary -Onlooker -Parallel -Associative -Cooperative |
| What is solitary play? | When a child plays by themselves |
| What is onlooker play? | when the child watches others at play but does not engage in it; the child may ingage in conversation with those children, but not play |
| What is parallel play? | A form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another's behavior. |
| What is associateive play? | A form of play n which a group of children participate in similar ir identical activities without formal organization, group direction, group interaction, or a definite goal |
| What is cooperative play? | A form of play in which children are concerned with solving a problem by working together to achieve a common goal. In cooperative play, everybody wins |
| What are the types of play? | -Constructive -First Pretend -Substitute Pretend -Sociodramatic -Rule Governed |
| What is Constructive play? | When children manipulate their environment to create things; experimenting with materials, building things, play in sand, draw with chalk |
| What is First Pretend play? | when children use a toy to represent a real object, such as using a toy spoon or a toy comb as they would a real spoon or comb. |
| What is Substitute Pretend play? | Creativity; using an object by pretending it's a different object. Ex. using a banana as a phone |
| What is sociodramatic play? | Play involving acting out scripts, scenes, and plays adapted from cartoons or books or so. Children assume roles using themselves and/or like dolls |
| What is Rule Governed play? | Creating games that are rule oriented |
| What is aggression? | Intention to hurt another person -physical -relational aggression |
| What sorts of things predict the aggressiveness of a child? | -when aggression is rewarded ("victory" or when parents provide positive reinforcement - imitation of older role models |
| What is empathy? | The sharing of another person's emotions and feelings - is foundational; compassion; altruism |
| What makes a child adopt prosocial behaviors? | -Rewarding prosocial behaviors doesn't work long term -Explicit modeling works; increases prosocial behavior as long as 2 weeks after -induction: by 12, children display higher levels of empathy and prosocial behavior |
| What does stimulation entail when discussing the context of a home environment? | -Toys; quality not quantity -language; applying it to everyday activities -academic stimulation; being there when they work -variety; keep things novel and entertaining |
| What does environment entail when discussing the context of a home environment? | -Physical; safety -Warmth; being emotionally available -encouragement of maturity; let them do things on their own, but not too early -avoidance of violence; verbal and physical even in media consumption |
| What are some impacts of Daycare? | - Intellectual impact = by the time the child is 5, it doesn't matter whether a child was put in daycare or stayed at home - Social impact = more social interactions in daycare than at home but there is more exposure to fighting that way; they are somewhat better prepared for a school environment |
| What is the purpose of Preschool? | -Educational rather than supervisory -Emphasis on exploration |
| What does Head Start do? | -Preschool that, depending on the state, also provides food, health and dental care, and intellectual stimulation for the child |
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