7068953
Description
Flashcards by Alison Salvaggio, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alison Salvaggio
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Upper Respiratory System structures | Nose, Pharynx, associated structures |
| Lower Resp System Structures | Larynx, trachea, Bronchi, Lungs |
| Conducting portion of Resp System | Part not involved with gas exchange. Warms, filters, moistens, and conducts air to and from the lungs. (Every structure down to the terminal bronchioles) |
| 4 Structures involved in gas exchange | Resp bronchioles Alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli |
| Epiglottis | Covers glottis during swallowing to protect larynx and trachea |
| What is the primary passageway for air into the lungs | Trachea |
| Annular Ligaments | Unites cartilage rings, makes trachea flexible tube. |
| 4 Lobes of Right Lung | Apical Lobe Cardiac Lobe Accessory Lobe Diaphragmatic Lobe |
| Pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries supply blood to the... | Lungs |
| hypoxia | Low Oxygen |
| Perfusion Coupling | Allows pulm blood to be sent to areas with good ventilation. |
| Bronchial arteries... | Arise from the aorta and deliver oxygen to the lungs |
| The pressure within the lungs? | Intrapulmonic |
| Pressure within the pleural cavity? | Interpleural pressure |
| Boyles Law | Inverse relationship btw Volume and Pressure |
| What causes most of the exhalation? | Recoil tendency of Lung (expiration is a passive process except in Horses) |
| When is expiration an active process? | When accelerated breathing takes place, or something is impeding air flow. |
| Main Expiratory Muscles | Abdominal Muscles and Internal Intercostal Muscles |
| Intrapulmonic pressure becomes positive when... | Expiration occurs |
| The intrapulmonic pressure is normally _____ during inspiration.. | negative |
| The intrapleural pressure is during inspiration vs expiration is... | Negative, inc. but stays negative |
| 2 things that produce RECOIL | Elastic fibers in lung, surface tension of fluid that lines alveolar |
| What prevents the collapse and the recoil of the lungs during expiration? | Air tries to flow from the alveoli into the pleural space because ti wants to get to an area of lower pressure (moving down it's pressure gradient from high to low), it cannot flow into the pleural space and that force that occurs against the walls of the alveoli counteracts the lung recoil. |
| Surfactant | Factor opposing recoil, keeps alveolar from contracting and collapsing. Contributes to compliancy (how easily lung is filled). Interferes with cohesion of water. |
| Factors Opposing Recoil Tendency of Lungs | Surfactant Force exerted against walls of capillaries counteracts recoil |
| Premature birth= | inadequate surfactant production |
| Pneumothroax | entry of air into pleural cavity that can cause collapse of lungs |
| 5 Types of Pneumothorax | Close pneumothorax Open pneumothorax latrogenic pneumothorax spontaneous pneumothorax tension pneumothorax |
| Open pneumothorax | opening btw pleural space and exterior air, intrapleural pressure will = atmospheric pressure and that neg P preventing recoil goes away. |
| Mediastinal flutter | structures in mediastinum shift toward uninjured side during inspiration with an open pneumothorax, and inch back during expiration. |
| Throcaocentesis | procedure to remove excess fluid in pleural cavity. |
| Atelectasis | consequence of pneumothorax, surfactant loss conditions, incomplete expansion of lung at birth (congenital) or collapse of previously air-filled lung (acquired) |
| Causes of Atelectasis | Blockage of one of the bronchi or bronchioles that lead to lung tissue |
| 2 Main Types of Atelectasis | Obstructive Atelectasis Compression Atelectasis |
| Obstructive Atelectasis AKA Absorption Atelectasis or Secondary | complete airway blockage |
| Compression Atelectasis | Blockage by something pressing from the outside |
| Massive Atelectasis | Occurs when lung collapses due to loss of neg. pressure from pneumothorax |
| Hypostatic Atelectasis | Caused by prolonged recumbency of animal |
| Obstructive Pulmonary diseases... | Increase airway resistance, often narrowed airways |
| Examples of Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases | Asthma, chronic bronchitis Emphysema |
| Bronchoconstrictor Agonists | Constrict Bronchi |
| Emphysema | alveoli become enlarged narrowed airways inc resistance dec amount of oxygen gettign into alveoli |
| 2 Types of Breathing | Costal Abdominal |
| Eupnea | Normal or quiet breathing with no deviation in frequency or depth |
| Bradypnea | abnormally slow breathing |
| Tachypnea | excessive rapidity of breathing |
| Tidal Volume (Vt) | The volume of fresh air inspired during one, normal, quiet inspiration |
| Respiratory Frequency (f) | The number of resp cycles per minute aka resp rate |
| Minute Volume (V) | The volume of fresh air entering the lungs per minute |
| Minute Volume (V) = | Tidal Volume (Vt) x Resp Frequency (f) |
| When air comes into the resp track, what two functionally diff parts does it go to? | The conducting airways (aka the anatomical dead space) and the gas exchange portion |
| Anatomical Dead Space | All the air in conducting airways that does not directly participate in gas exchange |
| alveolar Vd | alveoli dead space |
| To calculate total physiological dead space use this formula: | physiological Vd = anatomical Vd + alveolar Vd |
| Physiological Dead Space | The volume of gas that is inspired but takes no place in gas exchange in the airways or alveoli |
| Tidal Volume is the sum of... | volume alveolar (Va) + volume dead space (Vd) |
| 6 Layers Gas needs to go across from alveoli to blood during gas exchange | Alveolar Fluid Alveolar Epithelium Alveolar Basement Membrane Interstitial Fluid Capillary Basement Membrane Capillary Endothelium |
| How does Pulmonary Edema influence gas diffusion? | It is a fluid accumulation in the alveoli and inc the membrane thickness, which slows the rate of diffusion |
| How does Pneumonia affect gas diffusion? | inc thickness of resp membrane, mucus build up, makes diffusion less efficient |
| Diffusion Coefficient | Measure of how easily a gas will diffuse through a liquid or tissue |
| How much faster does carbon dioxide diffuse through the membrane? | 20 times faster then oxygen |
| What diseases can cause decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane? | emphysema lung cancer |
| total pressure gas = | sum of all partial pressures |
| PO2 | partial pressure of oxygen in a gas mixture |
| PaO2 | partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood plasma |
| PvO2 | partial pressure of O2 dissolved in venous blood plasma |
| PAO2 | partial pressure of O2 in alveoli |
| Hemoglobin can carry up to... | 4 Oxygen molecules |
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