Created by Sophie McDougall
almost 8 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Acetyl group | produce by breakdown of pyruvate, joins with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle |
Activation energy | input of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
Active site | region on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds |
Adenine - A | DNA base that pairs with thymine |
ADP | Adenosine diphosphate; molecule that is phosphorylated to produce ATP |
Alternative respiratory substrates | Substrates for respiration other than glucose (such as proteins and fats) |
Amino acid | unit of polypeptide structure |
Anabolic | Metabolic pathways that consume energy in the synthesis of complex molecules |
Anticodon | Sequence if three bases on tRNA that codes for a specific amino acid |
Antiparallel | parallel strands in DNA that run in opposite directions in terms of chemical polarity |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate: molecule used for energy transfer in cells |
ATP Synthase | Membrane-bound enzyme that synthesises ATP |
Attachment site | Site on a transfer RNA molecule to which a specific amino acid binds |
Base | Nitrogenous substance that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
Bioinformatics | Use of computers and statistics in analysis of sequence data |
Cancer cell | Grows and divides in an unregulated way to produce a tumour |
Catabolic | Metabolic activity that releases energy in breakdown reactions |
Cellular respiration | Release of energy from respiratory reactions |
Chromosome | Rod-like structure that contains the genetic material of an organism encoded into DNA |
Citrate | Citric acid; first substance produced in the citric acid cycle. |
Citric acid cycle | Second stage f aerobic respiration occurring in the matrix of mitochondria |
Codon | Sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid |
Coenzyme A | Substance that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle |
Competitive inhibition | Slowing of reaction rate due to the presence of a substance resembling the substrate |
Connective tissue | Tissue that supports, connects or separates other body tissues |
Creatine phosphate | Molecule that serves as a source of phosphate and energy in muscle cells |
Cytosine (C) | DNA base that pairs with Guanine (G) |
Dehydrogenase | Enzymes that remove hydrogen from their substrates; important in the citric acid cycle |
Deletion (of genes) | Chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is lost from a chromosome |
Deletion (of nucleotides) | Single-gene mutation involving the removal of a nucleotide from a sequence |
Deoxyribose | Pentose sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |
Differentiation | Changes to cells that allow them to specialise for different functions |
Diploid | Refers to a cell having two sets of chromosomes |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms |
DNA polymerase | Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA; adds free nucleotides during DNA replication |
DNA probe | Short piece of DNA complementary to a target sequence of DNA |
DNA profiling | Use of DNA probes to produce a 'fingeprint' of an individual'sDNA |
Double helix | The three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule |
Duplication | Chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is repeated on a chromosome |
Electron transport chain | Group of proteins embedded in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts |
Embryonic stem cells | Stem cells from embryos that can divide and become any type of cell |
Epithelial tissue | Tissue that lines tubes and surfaces within the body |
Ethical issue | Issue affecting human attitudes and decisions regarding various choics |
Exon | Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein |
FAD | Hydrogen carrier important in the citric acid cycle |
Fast-twitch (type 2) fibre | Type of muscle fibre used in short bursts of activity |
Feedback inhibition | Enzyme inhibition caused by the presence of an end product if a metabolic pathway |
Fermentation | Progression of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen |
Fluorescent labelling | Method of making a fragment of DNA show up under ultraviolet light |
Frameshift mutation | Gene mutation in which all amino acids coded for after the mutation are affected |
Gel elctrophoresis | Method for the separation of DNA fragments using an electric current in a gel |
Gene expression | Transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins |
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