Human Biology - unit 1

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words and definitions
Sophie McDougall
Flashcards by Sophie McDougall, updated more than 1 year ago
Sophie McDougall
Created by Sophie McDougall almost 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
Acetyl group produce by breakdown of pyruvate, joins with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle
Activation energy input of energy required to start a chemical reaction
Active site region on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds
Adenine - A DNA base that pairs with thymine
ADP Adenosine diphosphate; molecule that is phosphorylated to produce ATP
Alternative respiratory substrates Substrates for respiration other than glucose (such as proteins and fats)
Amino acid unit of polypeptide structure
Anabolic Metabolic pathways that consume energy in the synthesis of complex molecules
Anticodon Sequence if three bases on tRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
Antiparallel parallel strands in DNA that run in opposite directions in terms of chemical polarity
ATP Adenosine triphosphate: molecule used for energy transfer in cells
ATP Synthase Membrane-bound enzyme that synthesises ATP
Attachment site Site on a transfer RNA molecule to which a specific amino acid binds
Base Nitrogenous substance that is a component of DNA nucleotides
Bioinformatics Use of computers and statistics in analysis of sequence data
Cancer cell Grows and divides in an unregulated way to produce a tumour
Catabolic Metabolic activity that releases energy in breakdown reactions
Cellular respiration Release of energy from respiratory reactions
Chromosome Rod-like structure that contains the genetic material of an organism encoded into DNA
Citrate Citric acid; first substance produced in the citric acid cycle.
Citric acid cycle Second stage f aerobic respiration occurring in the matrix of mitochondria
Codon Sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
Coenzyme A Substance that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle
Competitive inhibition Slowing of reaction rate due to the presence of a substance resembling the substrate
Connective tissue Tissue that supports, connects or separates other body tissues
Creatine phosphate Molecule that serves as a source of phosphate and energy in muscle cells
Cytosine (C) DNA base that pairs with Guanine (G)
Dehydrogenase Enzymes that remove hydrogen from their substrates; important in the citric acid cycle
Deletion (of genes) Chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is lost from a chromosome
Deletion (of nucleotides) Single-gene mutation involving the removal of a nucleotide from a sequence
Deoxyribose Pentose sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
Differentiation Changes to cells that allow them to specialise for different functions
Diploid Refers to a cell having two sets of chromosomes
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms
DNA polymerase Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA; adds free nucleotides during DNA replication
DNA probe Short piece of DNA complementary to a target sequence of DNA
DNA profiling Use of DNA probes to produce a 'fingeprint' of an individual'sDNA
Double helix The three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule
Duplication Chromosome mutation in which a sequence of genes is repeated on a chromosome
Electron transport chain Group of proteins embedded in membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Embryonic stem cells Stem cells from embryos that can divide and become any type of cell
Epithelial tissue Tissue that lines tubes and surfaces within the body
Ethical issue Issue affecting human attitudes and decisions regarding various choics
Exon Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
FAD Hydrogen carrier important in the citric acid cycle
Fast-twitch (type 2) fibre Type of muscle fibre used in short bursts of activity
Feedback inhibition Enzyme inhibition caused by the presence of an end product if a metabolic pathway
Fermentation Progression of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
Fluorescent labelling Method of making a fragment of DNA show up under ultraviolet light
Frameshift mutation Gene mutation in which all amino acids coded for after the mutation are affected
Gel elctrophoresis Method for the separation of DNA fragments using an electric current in a gel
Gene expression Transcription and translation of a gene to synthesise proteins
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