7107964
Description
Flashcards by Robin Connolly, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Robin Connolly
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What were Henry VII's foreign policy aims? | - To avoid war and save money - To secure the tudor dynasty and leave the line of succession safe |
| What were Henry's reasons for raising revenue to build an army to support Brittany? | - Obligation to Bretons - Fear that with Brittany under French control the French held a bigger threat to England |
| What was a fiefdom? | Denotes an area over which feudal lordship is executed |
| Who was Brittany ruled over by? | Duke Francis II |
| Who was Duke Francis II's only heir? | Duchess Anne |
| How did this affect the Breton position? | Due to the lack of male heirs and Anne being unable to rule, the French wanted to strip Brittany of independence |
| When was the treaty of Redon? | 1489 |
| What did the treaty of Redon do? | - Duchess Anne would provide the money for a small British army to defend Brittany from the French threat - Henry would strengthen relationship with Maximilian - Anne agreed not to marry Charles VIII |
| What was the arrangement therefore between Anne and Maximilian? | Marriage by proxy |
| How were foreign relations with Scotland? | - Only country sharing a border with England - Experienced cross border lawlessness - Often worked closely with France as part of the auld alliance |
| How were foreign relations with France? | - Most powerful European country - Seeking to brig duchies such as Brittany and Burgundy under French control - France and England shared a long history of hostility |
| When was the hundred years war? | 1337-1453 |
| How were foreign relations with Burgandy? | - Medieval power broken after death of Charles the bold - Lands of duchy assumed by French crown - Title to be passed to Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empre |
| How were foreign relations with the Holy Roman Empire? | Federation of around 300 states, with an elected emperor |
| How were foreign relations with Spain? | - Marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille brought the two nations together - Death of Isabella in 1504 lost this - Ferdinand got in a conflict over control of Castille? |
| How were foreign relations with Ireland? | - Anomoly - English king was Lord of Ireland |
| What happened when Henry sent the army to Brittany? | - Army got there, but Anne feared the effects of prolonged tension with France, so gave in and married Charles VIII - English army marooned - Maximilian lost interest - Immediate set back after first foreign excursion |
| Describe the invasion of France in 1492? | - Henry launched an attack knowing the French had other preoccupations (Italy) and so would surrender easily - Quick peace settlement - Good tactics, flexibility |
| What did the treat of Etaples (Nov 1492) say? | - Charles agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbek - Agreed to pay a pension to compensate Henry - Henry managed to secure dynastic and national interests and improve the financial situation |
| Who was in receipt of the majority of British exports? | Ports of the Netherlands |
| What were the problems surrounding Margaret of Burgandy? | - In ownership of her late husband's estate - Sister of Edward IV and Richard III - Leading upholder of Yorkist cause |
| What was the relationship between Margaret of Burgundy and Maximilian? | Stepson in Law |
| When did Maximilian become Holy Roman Emperor? | 1493 |
| Who was the jurisdiction of the Netherlands handed on to? | Philip, Maximilian's sixteen year old son |
| What made the relationship between Burgundy and England deteriorate further? | Maximilian and Philip offering hospitality to Perkin Warbeck |
| How did Henry aim to ease these tensions? | He put in place a trade embargo with Burgandy |
| What was the problem of the trade embargo? | Conflicted Henry's aims of securing the dynasty and encouraging trade |
| Why did this lose Henry national popularity? | Showed he was prepared to sacrifice commercial interests of London and east-coast merchants |
| When did relations improve between Burgandy and England? | - When Perkin Warbeck left Burgandy - Intercursus Magnus 1496 - |
| In what year did Isabella, Queen of Castille die? | 1504 |
| What was the outcome of Isabella of Castille's death? | - Treaty of Windsor - Intercursus Malus |
| What was the Intercursus Malus? | Trade deal giving England a much stronger trading position in the Netherlands |
| What were the outcomes of the Intercursus Malus? | - Philip and Maximilian handed over the Earl of Suffolk - Henry had improved trading positions & the strength of the dynasty |
| What was the treaty of Medina del Campo? | A treaty between England and Spain |
| What did the treaty of Medina del Campo state? | - Two monarchies would support each other - Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders - Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Isabella and Ferdinand's daughter) |
| What were the problems with the implementation of the treaty? | - Arrangements for the marriage did not go smoothly - Ferdinand did not want the marriage to go ahead while the threat of Perkin Warbeck was still at large - Fought over the size of Catherine's dowry |
| When were the details of the marriage agreed and when did it go ahead? | - Details 1499 - Marriage 1501 |
| When did Arthur die and why did the cause fractions between Ferdinand and Henry? | - 1502 - Henry suggested Catherine should marry his son, Henry - However Ferdinand was reluctant due to having little need for the alliance as it would require Papal Dispensation |
| What did the death of Isabella mean for the marriage alliance? | - Henry lost interest due to Ferdinand becoming a less prominent political figure after her death - There was a succession struggle between Ferdinand and Juana |
| Who was stranded at sea in 1506? | Juana and her husband Philip of Burgandy |
| What did the treaty of Windsor state? | - Strengthened relations between Juana, Philip and Henry - Intercursus Malas - Return of Earl of Suffolk - Proposed marriage between Henry and Archduchess Margaret, Philip's sister - Henry's recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castille |
| How did Philip of Burgandy's death affect Henry? | - Juana went mad - Ferdinand became regent of Castille - Left Henry diplomatically isolated - Ferdinand ensured the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine would not take place in Henry VII's lifetime |
| Describe relations with Scotland between 1485-95. | - Often tense - Mainly cordial |
| Describe relations with Scotland between 1495-6. | - King James IV came of age in 1495 and offered Perkin Warbeck hospitality - Warbeck remained for two years in the court and was offered both a pension and marriage to Lady Catherine Gordon - James encouraged Perkin to cross the border in 1496 with an army - The invasion didn't last and quickly retreated - Led Henry to raise a bigger army and invade Scotland, also prompting a taxation rebellion in 1497 |
| Describe relations with Scotland in 1497. | - Large-scale rebellion in Cornwall - In the interests of both England and Scotland to provide a quick truce - Truce took place at Ayton, a few miles north of the stronghold of Berwick-upon-Tweed |
| Describe relations with Scotland in 1498. | - Significantly improved - James no longer had any diplomatic use for Perkin - Warbeck executed in 1499 |
| Describe relations with Scotland between 1501-3. | - Agreed James should marry Henry's daughter, Margaret - 1502, this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty (Treaty of Perpetual Peace) - Marriage took place in 1503 - Improvement lasted until the end of Henry's reign - Henry was successful in securing the dynasty |
| How far did Henry's power in Ireland reach? | The Pale (area of land surrounding Dublin) |
| Who held power in the rest of Ireland? | - Anglo-Norman barons - The Fitzgerald's and Butlers were the most important |
| Who was the most dominant figure in Ireland? | - Earl of Kildare - He was the leader of the Geraldines - Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477 - Feared by Henry due to Yorkist symapthies - Suspicion enforced by Kildare's support for Lambert Simnel - Kildare crowned Simnel King of Ireland in 1486 - Supported Warbeck in 1491 |
| What actions did Henry make in response? | - Attempted approach of rule of the Pale through an Englishmen backed by armed force - Appointed Prince Henry as Lieutenent of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as deputy |
| What were Poyning's successes? | - Established royal authority by threat and bribery - Required the Irish parliament to pass Poyning's law in 1495 - Attempted to implement English law in Ireland |
| What was Poyning's law? | Irish parliament could pass no law without prior agreement of the English crown |
| What were the problems with Poyning's rule? | - Proved too expensive - More financial problems in 1495 when Warbeck besieged the town of Waterford - Henry was short of money due to the threat from the Scots |
| How did Henry solve the problem? | Recalled Poynings and reappointed Kildare |
| How had Kildare changed? | - No point in supporting the Yorkists - Decided to serve Henry loyally - Secured submission of Irish chieftains - By 1500, security was cheap and peaceable - Kildare used his office to rebuild his family fortune |
| Describe Henry VII's children. | - Arthur, Henry, Margaret, Mary - In 1503, one year after Arthur died, Elizabeth also died |
| What did the death of Arthur mean for the dynasty? | - Increased insecurity - Made Prince Henry the new heir - Raised issues for if the King died while Henry was still a child - Issue was complicated by the rise of the Earl of Suffolk |
| What did the dynasty depend on> | - Henry VII's survival until Henry's coming of age - Disposal of the threat from the Earl of Suffolk |
| Why were marriage alliances so important? | - Essential part of international diplomacy - Monarchs sought marriage alliances to enhance power and influence - Important to bring about dynastic security |
| What marriage alliances were made? | - SPAIN by securing a marriage alliance with Catherine of Aragon and Arthur - Then Catherine and Henry - SCOTLAND oldest daughter, Margaret to James IV - (Later) Mary to Louis XII - Henry tried himself to remarry (possible alliances with France, Spain and Holy ROman Empire) |
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