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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three types of visions? | Corporeal, imaginative and intellectual |
| What is a corporeal vision? | where an object or figure is corporeally present and some kind of knowledge is gained |
| Give an example of a corporeal vision | Saint Bernadette seeing Mary at Lourdes and being told to uncover a mountain spring (in her 18 visions) |
| What is an imaginative vision? | visions that happen in dreams, perhaps giving message or communicating knowledge |
| Give an example of an imaginative vision | Joseph having a dream telling him to marry Mary and of her pregnancy (Matthew 1:18) |
| What are intellectual visions? | an experience rather than an observation of a physical object |
| Give an example of an intellectual vision | Teresa of Avila's vision of Christ; "I saw Christ at my side - or to put it better, I was conscious of him, neither with the eyes of the body or of the soul did I see anything" |
| When can visions happen? | when a person is awake or asleep |
| What key element of a religious experience is referred to as a voice? | the message or communication of knowledge and the notion that this is from God |
| What are three features of voices as religious experiences? | revelatory, authoritative, disembodied |
| What is meant by revelatory within a voice? | it reveals something about God |
| What is meant by authoritative within a voice? | to those who have the experience the message communicated God's authority |
| What is meant by disembodied within a voice? | the voice appears to come from no particular body |
| What problem could we have with visions? | if it is not a physical object in what sense is it a vision? If it is a physical object why can't it be seen? How can we establish the voice/vision is from God |
| What explanations could there be for visions and voices? | psychological explanations; hallucinations/schizophrenia, response to trauma physical explanations; vitamin deficiency |
| How does Teresa of Avila classify religious experiences? | They have to fit with the Church's teaching and promote peace |
| Give 4 reasons why someone might not believe in the coherency of religious experiences | - vision or voice could be from the person's subconscious or have a psychological explanation -the vision could be drug induced - dreams can seem very real to the person at the time even if they're not - how do you know the voice comes from God? Schizophrenia e.g. features many voices in one mind |
| s | volitional and self surrender type |
| W | a conscious and voluntary experience |
| what is a self surrender conversion? | an involuntary and unconscious experience |
| Who was converted on the way to Damascus? | St Paul |
| How was Siddharta Gautama converted? | he left his life in the palace after seeing four sights and went in search of truth and eventually achieved enlightenment. |
| Who thinks religious experiences lay at the heart of all religious institutions because of how they affect people's behaviour? | William James |
| What could explain conversion experiences in young people? | young people trying to find their place in the world who are easily brainwashed |
| Who thought that people who have religious experiences had a hard upbringing? | Freud |
| What is an issue with verifying conversion experiences? | they are not objective so can not be stated objectively true or false |
| What could be considered a weakness of conversion experiences (referring to authority) | the experience has authority over the individual and not others so is meaningful for them but not necessarily anyone else |
| What are some weaknesses of conversion experiences? | - there is no way of objectively saying if they are true or false - the individual could be deceiving themselves or the conversion experience can be the result of hormones/stress etc - a conversion experience may have psychological causes |
| What is a corporate religious experience? | when a group of people say they have experienced God |
| What is convincing about more than one person experiencing God at once? | there is more credibility |
| What is the 'Miracle of the sun'? | thousands of people claimed to have witnessed the miracle of the sun in Fatima, Portugal 1917, the sun supposedly changed colours and danced in the sky |
| What is charismatic worship? | it comes from the time of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit gave the gift of tongues to the disciples |
| What is the Toronto blessings? | In 1994, churchgoers in Toronto said that the Holy Spirit had visited them and enabled them to speak in tongues, laugh, cry and even roar |
| What is a key thing to remember about corporate religious experiences? | they are still only experienced by a set group of people who could simply act as sheep and follow the crowd |
| What could corporate religious experience be the result of ? | mass hysteria |
| What weaknesses of corporate religious experiences are there? | - there is no reason to suppose that a corporate religious experience is any more true than a personal one - people's prior belief or the environments they are in at the time may make them more likely to believe the experience - why would God seem to hypnotise a small group of people but do nothing about famine for example |
| What is a numinous experience according to Rudolf Otto? | - a sense of awe - a sense of fascination overcoming initial fear - the two above with a feeling of mystery and wonder |
| Who describes numinous experiences as ; "the feelings, acts and experiences of individual men...so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine" | William James |
| What does Rudolf Otto say about numinous experiences? | All religious experiences are essentially numinous |
| What does Otto call religious experiences? | the mysterious tremendous because they are mysterious and ineffable |
| When are intellectual/theological ideas formed from a religious experience? | After the experience, during the experience is mainly emotional |
| During a religious experience, how do God and the subject remain? | entirely distinct, we are immediately aware of our nothingness compared to God's infinity |
| What is Otto's view of God? | a timeless, eternal, wholly simple God (Aristotelian God/ Boethius) |
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