Moral Psych

Question	Answer
Immanuel Kant	human reasoning is capable of revealing eternal truths about the world and morality; argued for Universal Moral Law, that is there is a general universal moral code that applies to all of us
categorical imperative	so act as if your goals should serve at the same time as the universal law of all rational beings ex. wonder if everyone should wander around stealing lunches, does it work in universal setting? If not, then don’t do it; aka the golden rule (only act if your goals would work in a universal setting)
David Hume	sentimentalism = morality grounded in emotional responses; don’t steal because we feel bad when we think about stealing someone’s lunch
Kant vs. Hume	newer processing system (voluntary action, complex judgment, symbolic thought) vs. older emotional system (emotion, motivation, simple judgment)
Paul Bloom	Morality is not just something that people learn. It is something we are all born with.
Thomas Jefferson	The moral sense, or conscience, is as much a part of man as his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a stronger or weaker degree, as force of members is given them in a greater or lesser degree. individual variations in moral sense but still innate to children
universals !!!	Intuitions about fairness and reciprocity — anger at cheaters, gratitude toward sharers Intuitions about moral and immoral acts Adult humans, but also young children, babies
study by Felix Warneken; proactive helping	infants partake in proactive helping proactive helping=help without being asked to help, including in situations in which the helpee is oblivious to the problem and thus provides no communicative or behavioral cues that intervention is necessary
Karen Wynn	development of moral reasoning capabilities in children and babies (Prosocial circle, antisocial square help, hinder triangle up a hill)
Lawrence Kohlberg	developed stages of moral development using Heinz dilemma (should man steal drug to save dying wife?)
Level 1	(pre-conventional, younger than age 10) How can I avoid punishment?
Level 2	(conventional, adolescents/many adults) Follow the rules and do not question them
Level 3	(post-conventional, some adults) balance conflicting demands of justice and fairness; consider social contracts between individuals, reason using abstract principles
Carol Gilligan	Kohlberg only tested men; women have different moral development; Harm/care It is wrong to harm people (men) It is good to relieve suffering (women)
harm-based morality	DO NOT cause harm, DO NOT infringe on other’s welfare
care-based morality	DO provide for others, DO act so as to relieve suffering
Kohlberg vs. Gilligan	Kohlberg = new, rational part of brain Gilligan = older, emotional part of brain
trolley problem	5 people about to be crushed by train - pull lever so that only 1 person killed 5 people about to be crushed by train - push man to stop train from killing 5 most people: yes to first, no to second
(harm-based moral judgments affected by)action principle	Harm caused by an action is worse than harm caused by an omission; rational part of brain
intention principle	Harm that is intended is worse than harm that is just foreseen; emotional part of brain
contact principle	Harm caused by physical contact is worse than harm caused through another means
moral dumbfounding	a moral intuition or feeling that persists even in a total absence of ability to rationally justify it
moral judgment	comes from emotional responses; defined as evaluations (good vs. bad) of the actions or character of a person that are made with respect to a set of virtues held to be obligatory by a culture or subculture
moral justification	comes from rational processes; conscious mental activity that consists of transforming given information about people in order to reach a moral jud
VMPFC	monitors incoming sensations; damage to this aspect have trouble with moral decisions, too rational; more willing to kill infant utilitarian decisions
Josh Greene	moral dilemmas in MRI machines, which brain part used?
What's it for?	tribe with morality will win over most other tribes; through natural selection, these traits are expressed more over time
Johnathan Haidt: Moral foundations across cultures	Harm/care: foster safe environment for vulnerable people in pop Fairness: things allocated in fair manner; cheaters punished; fairness sense in some primates too Ingroup/loyalty: favoring your group relative to other groups (HARVARD SUCKS) Authority/respect: allows for stability and advancement across generations; opposite is subversion Purity/sanctity:
liberals vs. conservatives	liberals dwell on harm and fairness whereas conservatives rate moral dimensions uniformly

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	Created by Sneha Mittal almost 8 years ago