7380124
Description
Flashcards by Ashleigh Gildroy, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ashleigh Gildroy
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Psychology | Models of Memory |
| List the two models of memory within the AQA exam criteria | 1) Multi-Store Model 2) Working Store Model |
| Who invented the Multi-Store Model of Memory? | Atkinson and Shiffrin |
| What three stores does the Multi-Store Model consist of? | 1) The Sensory Register 2) Short Term Memory 3) Long Term Memory |
| What does the Multi-Store Model of Memory look like? | |
| Briefly explain why information has to go through the stores? | In order to become a memory |
| Describe the process in which information travels through the MSM | Information from our environment initially goes into the sensory register. However, only the info that we pay attention to goes into short-term memory. If the information is this store is rehearsed it can then be passed into long-term memory. If we need to recall information from our long term memory we retrieve it back into short term memory. |
| What is the primacy effect? | The ideas that individuals are able to recall the first few items from a list better then those from the middle. |
| How does the primacy effect support the legitimacy of the Multi-Store Model of Memory? | Earlier items we remember will have been rehearsed and transferred into LTM. If rehearsal is prevented by an interference task, the information is forgotten. |
| What is the Recency Effect? (Recen(t)-cy) | Participants are able to recall the words from the end of the list better than those from the middle. |
| How does the Recency Effect support the MSM? | As STM has a capacity of around 7 items (Miller's magic number), the words in the middle of the list are displaced from STM by the last few words heard. These last few words are still in the STM at the end and can be easily recalled. |
| How does Korsakoff's Syndrome support the Multi Store Model of Memory | People with the syndrome can recall the last few items on a list (recency effect), suggesting a stable STM. However, their long-term memory is very poor. This suggests that STM and LTM are two separate stores |
| What did Milner et al do in relevance to the Multi-Store Model of Memory | Milner et al carried out a case study into a patient called hM. He had suffered from frequent epilepsy. His seizures were based in a brain structure called the hippocampus. Doctors decided to surgically remove part of the brain around this area. The operation reduced his epilepsy but led to him suffering memory loss. HM could still use STM, but now LTM. Also proving that they're separate stores in the brain. |
| Provide a limitation on the Multi-Store Model of Memory | In the model, information is transferred from the STM to LTM through rehearsing the information. However, in a natural setting, people don't always rehearse information, yet it is still transferred into LTM. Also, some information cannot be mentally rehearsed, such as tastes and smells. |
| Provide a critical concern about the Multi-Store Model of Memory | It is very oversimplified. It presumes that there is only a single short-term component and a single long-term component. There have been several pieces of evidence involving brain-damaged patients, suggesting that there is several short-term stores and long-term stores |
| Who created the Working Memory Model | Baddeley and Hitch |
| What other study did Baddeley do in relevance to memory | Investigating the coding of the STM & LTM using acoustically and semantically similar words. |
| List the different stores of the WMM | 1) Central executive 2) Phonological loop 3) Visuo-spatial sketchpad 4) episodic buffer |
| What does the WMM focus on? | STM |
| What is the key component of the STM, according to WMM | Central executive |
| What is the central executive? | It is the key component of the WMM. It can be described as attention. It has limited capacity and controls the other systems which also have limited capacity |
| List the slave systems | 1) Phonological loop 2) Visuo-spatial sketchpad 3) Episodic buffer |
| What is the phonological buffer? | Holds speech-based information (the inner ear) Takes in all dialogue |
| What is the phonological loop made up of? | Phonological store (the inner ear) Articulatory process (the inner voice - rehearses |
| What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad? | Deals with temporary storage of visual and spatial information |
| What is the episodic buffer? | Stores information from the other subsystems and integrates it together, along with information from LTM, to make complete scenes or episodes (That is how episodic memories are made in LTM) |
| Where did the Working Memory Model come from? | Experimental Evidence |
| What was the experimental evidence that originated the working memory model? | Baddeley and Hitch used interference tasks. 1) If participants are asked to perform two tasks simultaneously, performance would alter 2) In terms of the model, both tasks would require the phonological loop, which has limited capacity, so it cannot cope with both tasks. 3) However, if the two tasks involve different systems, performance isn't affected on either task Therefore, there must more than a single component in STM |
| Provide a strength of the Working Memory Model (Shallice & Warrington) | Shallice and Warrington looked into a case study about a patient called KF. He was brain-damaged with an impaired STM. His problem was with immediate recall of words presented verbally, but now with visual information. This concluded that he an impaired articulatory loop but not an intact visuo-spatial sketchpad. therefore providing evidence for the WMM |
| Describe Gathercole and Baddeley's supporting evidence for the Working Memory Model | Gathercole and Baddeley reported on a laboratory study. Participants were split into two groups. All of these participants had to follow a spot a light. This used the visuo-spatial sketchpad. At the same time, one group of participants had to describe the angles on a letter - another task involving the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The other had to perform a task involving the phonological loop. They found that performance was much better in the participants doing tasks which used separate systems. |
| Is Baddeley and Hitch's theory simplistic? | Many psychologists criticise the idea of a central executive as very vague. Their model doesn't specify what it is. It also is difficult to create studies that test the central executive. |
| What else does the Working Memory Model lack explanation in? | It doesn't explain how the short-term memory transfer the information to LTM |
| Criticise the type of experiment used to study the WMM | The studies used to prove the WMM are often laboratory experiments. This a key concern as it lacks ecological validity. Results may have differed if the information was more meaningful and personal to the participants. |
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