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Description
Flashcards by Jaz Harker, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jaz Harker
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| General characteristics of fish | live in water gills throughout life fins, scales internal/external egg production ectotherms |
| General characteristics of amphibians | young mature in water adults live in/near fresh water mostly gill breathers when young naked skin lay eggs in water carnivorous adults ectotherms |
| General characteristics of reptiles | land or sea water lung breathers scales/plates lay eggs mostly carnivores ectotherms |
| General characteristics of birds | land most fly lung breathers feathers,wings,beaks excellent colour vision and hearing lay eggs carnivores or herbivores endothermic |
| General characteristics of mammals | land and sea lung breathers mammary glands seven neck vertebrae enlarged brain live birth carnivore, herbivore, omnivore endothermic |
| what is microevolution | generation by generation evolution of populations and groups over lifetime of species natural selection and adaptation driving forces |
| what is macroevolution | speciation - birth of a species extinction - death of a species both engage processes outside natural selection and adaptation |
| what is the relationship of chordates to other animals revealed by? | anatomical characters biochemical characters embryological characters genetic characters fossil record |
| what are evolutionary systematics and cladistic systematics | E = based on similarity patterns of key characteristics C = emphasises common descent based on shared derived characteristics (recent not ancient adaptations) |
| characteristics of protostomes | spiral cleavage blastopore becomes mouth nerve cords of CNS ventral mesoderm derived from mesentoblast subepidermal musculature derived from 4d mesoderm schizocoelous coelom formation embryogeny |
| characteristics of deuterostomes | radial cleavage blastopore often becomes anus nerve cords of CNS not ventral mesoderm from wall of archenteron sheets of subepidermal muscles derived from archenteric mesoderm entercoelous ceolom formation embryogeneis |
| what is holoblastic cleavage | planes pass completely through cytoplasm - isolecithal/weakly telolecithal eggs |
| what is meroblastic cleavage | plane does not pass completely through cytoplasm - highly telolecithal (high yolk) |
| what is radial cleavage | strict longitudinal & transverse cleavage equal sized blastomeres arranged in rows with reference to animal and vegetal axis |
| what is spiral cleavage | subsequent divisions result in different sized blastomeres displacement of blastomeres so they lie in furrow between eachother alternate moves 'left-right' to produce spiral |
| characteristics of phylum chordata | pharyngeal gill slits dorsal notochord dorsal, hollow nerve cord muscular locomotor, postanal tail circulatory system with ventral contractile blood vessel & gas exchange |
| what is Hox gene complex | regulates expression of hierachy of genes, control process of long-axis body development front to back evolution of more complex animal - verts have duplication of entire Hox complex |
| characteristics of subphylum vertebrata | distinctive endoskeleton and vertebrael column greater development of central nervous tissue at front end limb girdles - paired appendages neural crest & cells closed blood vessel system paired/fused spinal nerves autonomic nerve system |
| methods of fish taxonomy | meristic = characters correspond to body segments (no. fin rays & scales) morphometric = measurable structures (fin length) allometry = lengths of body parts grow at different rates - different ratio at different age/size |
| characteristics of soft anatomy of anatomical fish taxonomy | position of viscera division of muscles branches of blood vessels sexually dimorphic structures posession and type of swim bladder |
| two classes of agnatha | myxini (hagfish) cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey) |
| characteristics of myxini | nakes skin containing slime glands no paired appendages fibrous & cartilaginous skeleton heart and accessory hearts digestive system (no stomach) biting mouth (rasping tounge) |
| characteristics of cephalaspidomorphi | slender body median fins (no paired appendages) fibrous & cartilaginous skeleton pores in pharangeal cleft heart sucker lke oral disc and tounge osmoregulation (kidney) digestive system small cerebellum |
| morphology of chondrichthyes | large fusiform body, heterocercal caudal fin (top lobe > bottom lobe) ventral mouth placoid scales |
| anatomy of chondrichthyes | intestine with spiral valve brain of two olfactory lobes 5-7 paired gills 4 chambered heart no swim bladder or lung inner ears detect prey well |
| olfactory system of chondrichthyes | olfactory organs - water into nasal sacs behind nostril are bars - behind is olfactory epithelium water slowed over OE sensitivity up to 1 part in 10 billion for proteins/AA |
| what is intertial/pressure drag | pressure differences from displacement of water as fish moves through it (swimming motion) |
| what is viscous/frictional drag | friction between fish body and surrounding water (fish scales) |
| where is heart positioned in all fish? | posterior and ventral to gills (more 'anterior' in teleosts than sharks) |
| fish heart: form and function | 4 chambers in series venus blood into thin walled sinus venosus single chamber atrium single thick walled ventricle out of heart via conus/bulbus arteriosus, initially to gills |
| what are the conus and bulbus arteriosus? | conus = cardiac muscle in chondrichthyes and lungfish that produces pulsed blood flow bulbus = non-muscular, elastic reservoir in ray-finned fish that produces continuous flow from heart |
| what is function of operculum? | protects gills streamlines body reducing drag aids in smoothing water flow across gills |
| describe the expansion/suction pump phase of respiration | --mouth closed - enlargement of buccal cavity. -ve pressure causes operculum cavity to shut, isolating gills --mouth opens, -ve pressure draws in water to buccal & pharyngeal cavity --mouth closes - contraction of cranial muscles & skull bones creates +ve pressure - water forced towards gills --operculum valve opens under +ve pressure - water across gills, out of chamber |
| what is Bohr shift | carrying capacity of respiratory pigment decreases with reduced pH per unit O2 |
| what is Root shift | saturation level of respiratory pigment is decreases with reduced in pH per unit O2 |
| respiratory anatomy of hagfish | --muscular vellum draws water through single median nostril and over gill sacs, out through singular gill opening -- feeding = water in/out via opening by last gill sac |
| respiratory anatomy of lamprey | -- muscular contraction expands/contracts fill area -- water in via multiple gill openings, each gill sac has unique water flow |
| modified gill structures to assist aerial respiration | -- arborescent organ (tree-like branches) -- plate-like extensions to gill to allow for more rigid structure (would collapse and stick together) |
| modified extra-branchial structures in aerial respiration | -- vascularised surfaces (skin,mouth,opercular cavity) -- modifications to gut - vascularised areas -- modified, vascularised & compartmentalised swim bladders (buoyancy and respiratory function) -- vascularised lungs as dorsal pouches from gut |
| osmoregulation in freshwater species | -- water in/ions out by diffusion across gills/pharynx/skin/diet via urine -- excrete dilute (hypo-osmotic) urine -- ions & water in with diet -- reabsorb ions in nephron, particularly monovalent -- AT monovalent into body via chloride cell |
| are freshwater fish hyper or hypo osmotic to their environment? what is the problem with this? | hyper-osmotic gain water & lose ions |
| osmoregulation in marine species | -- ions & water out across permeable membranes in diet and urine -- low volume hypo-osmotic urine -- drink seawater (gain ions) -- selectively remove divalent ions in urine filtrate -- reabsorb water from gut -- AT monovalent out of body by chloride cells |
| are marine fish hyper or hypo osmotic to their environment? what are the problems of this? | hypo-osmotic gain ions and lose water |
| What visual pigment is produced by vitamin A1 | Rhodoposin |
| What visual pigment is produced by vitamin A2 | Porphyropsin |
| What pigment dominates in -- seawater -- freshwater -- migratory species | -- rhodoposin -- porphyropsin -- adjust ratio of pigments to maximise light absorbance |
| explain the lateral line | -- detection of pressure waves & changes in water flow -- neuromast made of sensory cells -- movement detected by bending of cupola containing bundled kinocillia of basal sensory cells -- stimulate afferent nerve endings |
| explain electrical fish | -- modified muscle blocks used to generate electric field evolved into stunning devices -- predation and defence -- electric eel produce up to 400V |
| examples of sound production in fish | -- tooth grinding -- drumming - stringulation of roof of swim bladders by striated muscles -- high-pitched squeeling by gas escape in swim bladder -- most significant in aphotic zones |
| Diversity of predation methods which is shown by adaptations in ... | body shape (camouflage) physiology (endothermy, eye twitch in sailfish) colouration (camouflage and lures) jaws,teeth,guts (goblin shark protruding jaw, gut proportions depend on diet) |
| what is the change from herbivorous to carnivorous predation during development called? | ontogenetic dietary change |
| what are defence mechanisms classed as? | -- primary (avoiding detection, inquilism - live in non-related organism) -- secondary (reducing chances of being eaten e.g. shoaling, toxins) |
| what is size important for? | predation food fluctuations increased fecundity competition for mates |
| when are smaller larvae more likely to survive | situations where prey abundance is high in large scale patchy spatial distributions |
| when are larger larvae more likely to survive | areas of low prey abundance/patchiness |
| define iteroparous | single/multiple batch spawning each year over number of years survive after spawning and repeat |
| define semelparous | spawn once and die, no fallback gap where reproductive effort failed |
| define a) protogynous b) protoandrous | a) female adults change to male - male removed & dominant female changes gender b) male adults change to female - disappearance of female |
| what is gross growth efficiency (GGE) | measures proportion of prey carbon converted to predator carbon |
| what is transfer efficiency (TE) | proportion of prey production taken by predator <100% and GGE |
| what does fishing act as? | -- additional predation pressure -- remover of prey & predators on juvenile or adult -- habitat/benthic food modifier |
| what are the environmental impacts of fishing | habitat damage dead discards ghost fishing reduction in prey species |
| how can regulation help recovery of fisheries? | -- gear limitations (mesh size, escape gaps, square panels) -- effort limitations (days at sea, engine size) -- catch limits (quotas) |
| what feature is helpful in identifying reptiles? | number of holes in the skull -- turtles the most primitive - limited holes -- crocodile used for muscle attachment |
| features of the amniotic egg | -- development of three membranes - chorion, amnion, allontois -- allontoic cavity is outgrowth of hindgut - respiratory organ and storage for nitrogenous wastes -- shell permeable to gases - respiration |
| what is ammonotelism? | loss of nitrogen compounds (ammonia) through leaky skin and gills |
| what is ureotelism? | conversion of ammonia to urea (requires additional energy) |
| what is uricotelism? | conversion of ammonia to uric acid excretion requires loss of less water (organisms in desert environment) |
| general morphology/anatomy of crocodiles and aligators | tetrapodal trunk dorso-ventrally flattened tail laterally compressed 1-7m sexually dimorphic |
| features of crocodile/alligator skull | strong with pneumatised bone protects brain secondary palate influenced by diet/ecology hole in jaw anchor point for closure musculature teeth for gripping/holding - continually replaced |
| features of crocodile/alligator skeleton | --non-permeable skin --long, strong spine with flexibility in tail, neck & trunk --osteoderms - non permeable, vascularised, heat exchange --derived form of pelvis & ankle - fast running |
| examples of locomotion in crocodiles/alligators | belly crawl high walk swimming (tail = >10kph) jumping galloping (unique to crocs) climbing |
| what is gular/palatal valve? (crocodiles/alligators) | controlled by tongue musculature prevents water flow to lungs allows mouth to open underwater capture/drowning of prey |
| what is aestivation/brumation (crocodiles/alligators) | virtually shut down - low metabolism temporal torpor due to heat/cold burrows provide stable environmental conditions ensures continued survival |
| TSD in crocodiles/alligators | females = 27-29 degrees males = 29-31 degrees above = mixture |
| why do sea snakes have light sensitivity in the tail end? | keep tail tucked in when hiding |
| role of temperature in embryonic development of turtles | - IP decreases as temperature increases (non-linear) - temperature decreases with depth in sand - more stable - incubation length drops throughout summer as temperature increases |
| what is a satellite relay data logger (SRDL)? | dive computer with transmitter, stores information & compresses data file satellite overhead - data beamed data to fisheries to avoid impact on turtles |
| what use are SRDL data? | migratory pathways - fisheries depth utilisation migratory energetics & foraging strategies physiology & thermoregulation identification of key foraging areas |
| principle threats to turtle nesting beach | poaching (adults & eggs) artificial lighting loss of nesting habitat enchroachment |
| features of archaeopteryx | 12 known specimens London & Berlin skeletons are neotype 140 million years old teeth bony tail found in lithographic limestone long feathers on legs and feet |
| What are Huxleys 5 conditions of being a bird | fluffy body covering flight (bipinate feathers) brood their nests take care of young hollow bones (air sac system) |
| features of birds | breastbone (muscle attachment) wishbone (upstroke) three-toed foot (dinosaurs) airspaces in skull (lighter) hollow bones (lighter & respiratory systems) |
| when did modern birds first emerge? | late cretaceous |
| what are the two major groups that make up modern bird radiation | plaeognaths neognaths |
| what are the 4 major clusters of neognaths | gamebirds & waterfowl metavians waterbirds & seabirds higher landbirds |
| what is the interorbital septum (birds) | vertical plate of bone that forms bony wall between eyes |
| what are the differences between the 2 palatal types - neognaths and palaeognaths? | Neognaths = hing-like joint between pterygoid and palatine lightweight, flexible palate Palaeognaths = firm junction between pterygoid and palatine reinforced, stiff palate |
| what are key features of modern bird skeleton | pneumatic bones big brained big eyed toothless skull with fusion of different bones boat-shaped sternum four toes - digit I reversed shortened tail skeleton with pygostyle |
| features of bird beak | hollow bones of upper and lower jaw casing of constantly growing keratin lightweight, durable changes shape according to wear flexible and sensitive |
| what are maxillary overhangs (birds) | overhanging sections of beak on upper jaw crucial to parasite control |
| what are herbst corpuscles (birds) | organs in sensory pits in wader bill tips |
| what are totipalmate feet? (birds) | webbing between all toes pelicans, gannets, boobies used in paddling, diving, sexual display, airbrakes |
| how are grebe feet different to other birds feet? | lobed not webbed, generate lift by acting as multi-slotted hydrofoils |
| what is the zygodactyl foot (birds) | digit IV rotated to posterior surface of foot to oppose digits II and III two toes forwards, two toes backwards |
| what is the pamprodactyl foot in swifts | resting/flying - all digits point anteriorly climbing/clinging - digits I and II oppose III and IV to form pincer arrangement |
| adaptations of marine iguanas | long claws laterally compressed tail salt gland - nostril eat red/green algae tricuspid teeth dark skin |
| characteristics of dugongs | tail with flukes solid upper lip smooth & scarred skin short & rigid body hairs easily visible ear opening pointed ends to forelimbs without nails long, tusk like incisor teeth |
| characteristics of manatees | rounder tail divided upper lip pleated, rough skin - often attach algae/barnacles long and flexible body hairs rounded ends to forelimbs with nails no incisor teeth |
| what is the function of horizontal diaphragm in sirenians | extends length of body cavity control buoyancy and avoid pitch and roll |
| aquatic adaptations of otters | small SA:Volume ratio no insulating blubber - dense, fine fur streamlined body - sensory high on sides of head webbed paws - propulsion |
| skeletal adaptations of polar bear to cold marine environment | long neck- drag prey, musculature is much bigger carnivorous dentition large & taller strong sexual dimorphism |
| describe bubble netting in humpback whales | net of bubbles around shoal prey congregate in centre lunge feed in centre other humpbacks insonify sound reverberates around curtain fish into centre |
| what is brachycardia | facial contact with cold water - human heart rate slows 10-25% - seals change from 125bpm to ~10bpm (extended dive) lessens need to bloodstream oxygen - more used by other organs |
| what is peripheral vasocontriction | high pressure due to deep diving - capillaries in extremities close off stops blood circulation to these areas |
| what happens during very deep dives by cetaceans | organ & circulatory walls allow plasma/water to pass freely through thoracic cavity pressure stays contant - organs arent crushed alveoli fill with plasma - reabsorbed when out of pressurised environment |
| how could you approximately measure the population of a species? | population increases by mutation at approx. average constant level 'this much variability - approx this number of individuals' |
| list disturbances to whales | tourism fishing researchers pollutants and disease ocean noise ship strikes |
| what is an ascoban? | protection of small cetaceans in north-western European oceans |
| what is an accobam? | protection of cetaceans in southern European waters |
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