7483130
Description
Flashcards by Alice Storr, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alice Storr
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Number of people found to be wrongly convicted by March 1940 | 40 |
| Number of cases out of 40 where unreliable EWT was to blame | 36 |
| Estimator variables | Factors which the justice system has no control eg. stress & arousal, weapon focus, confidence of the witness and facial recognition (effected by race) |
| System variables | Factors which the justice system does have control over eg. the way questions are asked and the way a line-up is conducted |
| The year of the Ronald Cotton case | 1984 |
| The person who was guilty, not Ronald Cotton | Bobby Poole |
| What is Post Event Information? | Experiences of witnesses in between the event and the trial that effect the encoded information |
| What is the reconstruction principle? | When we recover memories we use a combination of information beginning with the retrieval clue which is combined with the memory trace and then any gaps are filled in |
| Why do schemas cause unreliable EWT? | When information goes into the schemas that contradicts previous stereotypes it distorts the new information to make it fit. This alters memories. |
| Study where 70 ppts were asked to give the race of the man who they thought was holding the razor - more than half said that it was the black man | Allport & Postman 1947 |
| Asking ppts what speed cars were going when they 'hit' each other rather than 'smashed into' each other determined the ppts judgement of speed | Loftus & Palmer 1974 |
| Asking ppts if they had seen 'the' broken headlight rather than 'a' broken headlight increased likelihood that ppts said yes | Loftus & Zanni 1975 |
| Findings show that you can have highly accurate and reliable recall despite leading questions | Yuille & Cutshall 1986 |
| Yerkes-Dobson Law | High arousal and low arousal lead to low performance. Optimum performance is achieved when arousal is halfway between low and high arousal |
| MacLeod 1986 | No difference in accuracy between those who saw an assault with a physical injury compared to those with no physical injury |
| The greater the arousal, the more accurate the testimony | Yuille 1986 |
| Those who saw a violent film had worse recall than those who saw a non-violent film (2 studies have this format) | Loftus & Burns 1982 Clifford & Scott 1978 |
| Founder of weapon focus theory | Loftus obviously |
| Is more or less attention focussed on a weapon due to survival instincts, therefore reducing accuracy of recall? | More |
| Counter argument from Pickel 1998 | It is the unusualness of the situation that makes recall worse, not the presence of a weapon |
| Maas & Kohnen 1989 | Descriptions of woman were better when she was holding a pen rather than a syringe |
| Loftus 1987 eye fixation data | More time was spent with eyes on the gun rather than the cheque (around 1 second longer) |
| Loftus 1987 main finding | Accuracy was low even in the non-violent setting (cheque, not gun) 38.9% identified correctly with cheque 11.1% identified correctly with gun |
| witnesses to a real armed robbery of a bank had accurate and reliable recall even 15 months after the event | Christianson & Hubinette 1993 |
| Strongest evidence for unreliability due to weapon focus provided by Steblay 1992 - what were his findings? | Meta analysis of 19 studies. Significant overall difference between weapon-present and weapon-absent conditions was demonstrated. |
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