7829292
Description
Flashcards by Louise Mason, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Louise Mason
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the order of the ruminent stomachs? | Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum |
| What epithelium makes up the rumen? | Keratinised stratified squamous |
| Where in the abdomen does the rumen lie? | Left side of the abdominal cavity |
| The rumen displaces all other organs to the right except for which three? | Spleen, Reticulum (cranially) and the Abomasum (cranially) |
| What are the 'sacs' of the rumen? | Dorsal sac, Ventral sac, Caudo-Dorsal blind sac, Caudo-Ventral blind sac |
| What divides the rumen into its relative sacs? | Left and Right Longitudinal Grooves Dorsal Coronary Grooves Caudal Groove Ventral Coronary Grooves Cranial Groove |
| What internal structures mirror the external grooves of the rumen? | Internal folds and pillars |
| What separates the rumen from the reticulum? | Rumenoreticular fold |
| Where in the abdomen does the reticulum lie? | Cranioventrally, pressed against diaphragm |
| What is traumatic reticulitis? | Penetration of the reticular wall by sharp ingested objects (may lead to piercing of the diaphragm/pericardium) |
| What makes the internal surface of the reticulum recognisable? | the 'honeycomb' structure |
| Where in the abdomen does the Omasum lie? | on the right between the rumen/reticulum and the liver/body wall |
| From what feature does the term 'the Bible' derive from as applied to naming the Omasum? | interior leaves (like a book) |
| Absorption of what substance takes place in the Omasum? | water absorption (works to separate food and water) |
| What processes are carried out in the Abomasum? | Normal Digestive Processes of Chemical Digestion |
| Where in the abdomen does the Abomasum lie? | mainly to the right of the rumen but can be easily displaced pathologically |
| Describe the distribution of papilla within the Rumen. | There are more papilla on the ventral sac than the dorsal sac as the dorsal sac is filled mainly with gas and the ventral sac is filled with heavier substances |
| What is the oesophageal groove? | Two twisted lips on the wall of the reticulum and lesser curvature of the omasum |
| As a young animal, what is the function of the oesophageal groove? | allows milk to bypass the forestomachs and go straight into the abomasum (milk would damage rumen development) |
| What stimulates closure of the Oesophageal Groove? | feeding of milk as a young animals or via a Vagal Reflex as adults when fed Copper Sulfate |
| What is the primary artery supplying blood to the stomachs? | Coeliac Artery |
| Which branches of the coeliac artery follow the lesser curvature of the Abomasum? | Right and Left Gastric Arteries |
| Which branches of the coeliac artery follow the greater curvature of the Abomasum? | Right and Left Gastroepiploic Arteries |
| Which branches of the coeliac artery follow the longitudinal grooves of the rumen? | Right and Left Ruminal Arteries |
| How is the ruminant stomach blood drained? | Venous drainage mirrors arteries and drain via the splenic vein into the portal vein |
| What is involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the ruminant stomachs? | Dorsal Vagus nerve innervates the rumen Ventral Vagus innervates the reticulum, omasum and abomasum |
| What is involved in the Sympathetic innervation of the ruminant stomachs? | Coeliac Plexus with a similar route to that of arteries |
| What is attached to the Greater Omentum? | greater curvature of abomasum, right and left longitudinal grooves, reticulum and duodenum |
| What is attached to the Lesser Omentum? | lesser curvature of the abomasum, porta of the liver, greater curvature of the omasum |
| Where does the superficial wall of the greater omentum originate from? | Left Longitudinal Groove |
| Where does the deep wall of the greater omentum originate from/ | Right Longitudinal Groove |
| What is formed by the walls of the Greater Omentum? | Omental Bursa |
| What is seen when looking at the RHS of the abdomen? | Descending Duodenum and Greater Omentum |
| Reflecting the Greater Omentum which way allows what other viscera to be seen on the RHS? | Cranially Ascending Colon Caecum Jejunoileum |
| What is the cranial border of the Greater Omentum attached to? | Mesoduodenum |
| How is the ileum attached to the Caecum? | Ileocecal fold |
| Which abdominal viscera is the Jejunum suspended from? | Spiral Ascending Colon |
| What is the position of the Caecum within the abdomen? | dorsal and points caudally in right pelvic inlet |
| What are the three divisions of the ascending colon? | Proximal (sigmoid) loop Spiral loop Distal loop |
| What are two common surgical approaches in cattle for accessing the abdomen? | Paralumbar incision Paracostal incision |
| What is a Dermatome? | area of the skin which each spinal nerve innervates |
| Why must more than one spinal nerve be blocked for abdominal surgery? | Dermatomes overlap |
| In the abdomen, how are Dermatomes named? | named after the spinal nerve and so after the vertebra immediately cranial to it |
| What does Paravertebral anaesthesia do? | Blocks sensory and motor innervation of the flank/peritoneum by anaesthetising dorsal and ventral branches of spinal nerves |
| What spinal nerve would need to be blocked for operate in the Paralumbar Fossa region? | T13 |
| Which spinal nerves would need to be blocked to carry out a Rumenotomy? | T13, L1, L2 |
| Which spinal nerves would need to be blocked before carrying out a Caesarian? | L1, L2 |
| Which spinal nerves would need to be blocked to operate on the udder? | L2, L3, L4 |
| Describe the technique used to carry out Paravertebral anaesthesia. | Insert long needle over transverse process until it reaches the bone. 'Walk off' process cranially or caudally. First injection to block dorsal ramus. Insert needle more deeply through intratransverse ligament. Second injection to block ventral ramus. |
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