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Flashcards by Tyler Ragojo, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Tyler Ragojo
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| G E N E T I C S - the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of an organism. | G E N E S -a part of a cell that controls or influences the appearance, growth, etc., of a living thing |
| GREGOR MENDEL - The father of genetics is a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinianfriar. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. | Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, includingepigenetics and population genetics. |
| FEATURES OF INHERITANCE 1.Punnette Square 2.Notation and Diagrams 3.Multiple Gene Interactions | PUNNETT SQUARE -At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by passing discrete heritable units, called genes, from parents to offspring |
| NOTATION AND DIAGRAMS - Geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. A gene is represented by one or a few letters. Often a "+" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene. | MULTIPLE GENE INTERACTIONS - Human height is a trait with complex genetic causes. Francis Galton's data from 1889 shows the relationship between offspring height as a function of mean parent height. |
| MOLECULAR BASIS FOR INHERITANCE 1.DNA and chromosomes 2.Reproduction 3. Recombination and genetic linkage | The molecular basis for genes isdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C),guanine (G), and thymine (T). Genetic information exists in the sequence of these nucleotides, and genes exist as stretches of sequence along the DNA chain.[46] Virusesare the only exception to this rule—sometimes viruses use the very similar molecule RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. |
| Reproduction Main articles: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction When cells divide, their full genome is copied and each daughter cell inherits one copy. This process, called mitosis, is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis forasexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are calledclones. | Recombination and genetic linkage Mainarticles: Chromosomal crossover and Genitic linkage The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes toassort independently or be separated from their homologous pair during sexual reproduction wherein haploid gametes are formed. In this way new combinations of genes can occur in the offspring of a mating pair. |
| CONCLUSION : Genetics play a very large role in the appearance and behavior of all organisms. Genetics are the reason for the inheritance of certain traits such as the white forelock or the bent pinky. Most genetic traits are inherited from the person's biological parents, and some people may have a recessive allele present rather than a dominant one. Just because a trait is "dominant", doesnt mean that it will be the trait thats predominantly common in society. Genetics give people their identity, their own personal imprint that makes them unique. Everyone is different. | Through chance, dominance and recessiveness of genes, people have different genotypes and phenotypes. Even though you can be a family member to someone or even be a twin, your gene makeup can be quite different. Yet, though a certain dominant trait may be commonly expressed among a family, a member can still express a recessive trait due to the fact that we learned - the dominant trait might not always be the most prevalent. An example of this would be the white forelock gene mentioned earlier. It is a dominant gene that is not prevalent in the human population. There were also instances where the most commonly expressed allele was recessive instead of dominant as most people assume. |
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