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Description
Flashcards by zolas_horses, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by zolas_horses
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How is milk preserved by heating? | Heat treated to 72 c for 15 seconds (pasteurization process) |
| What is used to make large amounts of penicillin? | A fermenter, which provides ideal growing conditions for fungus (warmth, oxygen and food) and is easy to keep sterile. The penicillin is extracted from the fermenter by filtration. |
| What test is used to assess antibiotic activity? | The kirby-bauer test |
| How are food preserved by cooling? | Bacterial growth slowed and therefore multiplication (binary fission) is slowed |
| What are diseases caused by microbes called? | pathogens |
| What shows the effectiveness of the antibiotics on a particular organism? | The size of the zone of inhibition. The greater the zone of inhibition the more effective the antibiotic. The test is used to determine which antibiotic to use when treating a particular infection |
| How does the skin heal itself? | It forms blood clots and re grows, this makes it a very good barrier against harmful microbes |
| Why can't antibiotics be used for diseases like influenza? | Because they are viruses and antibiotics only work on bacteria |
| What is a mutation? | A change in gene or chromosome |
| How does the mutation spread? | Natural selection. Those with the favorable characteristic survive and therefore reproduce and then pass on this characteristic to their offspring. |
| What features does the skin have to protect us from infection? | The skin is slightly acidic so it is the optimum PH for our natural skin flora, encouraging the growth of that rather than other microbes, the skin also has its own harmless bacteria so there is no room for other bacteria to grow or colonize. |
| How does antibiotic resistance occur? | It can be due to overuse, because the bacteria can become immune to the antibiotics being used against it. Many patients demand the use of antibiotics for diseases that won't even benefit form its use. |
| How are microbes useful in food production? | They have rapid growth, grow in small spaces, products are predictable and they can use waste materials. |
| What are the two types of white blood cells that act as another line of defence? | Lymphocytes and phagocytes |
| How is yogurt made? | A starter culture of bacteria added to warm milk. The bacteria ferment the milk sugar, producing lactic acid. The lactic acid causes the milk protein to form a solid material. |
| What are the three stages of how white blood cells work when fighting an infection? | 1) They engulf(eat) the pathogen (disease) i.e. phagocytosis. 2) They produces antibodies (to inactivate virus and bacteria) 3) Antitoxins produced (counteract toxins produced by bacteria) |
| Who discovered vaccination? | Dr. Edward Jenner |
| What did Jenner do? | He tested the theory that maids that had a mild case of cowpox never got small pox and had an immunity to it. |
| What is MMR? | The MMR vaccination stops us getting three serious diseases: mumps, measles and rubela |
| What is autism? | People with autism find it hard to make friends. They can't understand people's emotions, and the world around them is a complete jumble. |
| How vaccination works? | When we get an infection our lymphocytes responding by releasing antibodies. The antibodies are specific to the antigens on the pathogen. Memory cells remember how to make these antibodies, which makes us immune to disease like measles. |
| What is the name of the most common microbial medicine? | Penicillin |
| Who discovered penicillin? | Alexander Fleming |
| What did Fleming observe? | There was clear area around the fungus growing on an agar plate with bacteria on it. |
| How is bacteria harmful? | Disease causing and causes food to decay |
| How is bacteria helpful? | Vaccinations, decomposition of dead/decaying matter (recycling of nutrients), Food production e.g. cheese, plastic digesting bacteria (helps clean up waste) and oil digesting bacteria (helpful in oil spills) |
| How is fungi harmful? | Disease causing and causes food to decay |
| How is fungi helpful? | Food production e.g. mycoprotein, Antibiotics e.g. penicillin production (kills bacteria), Decomposition of dead/decaying matter, Bio fuel production (sugar from cane, beet or corn to produce ethanol for fuel) |
| How are viruses harmful? | Disease causing |
| How are viruses helpful? | Vaccinations, modified viruses can be used in gene therapy and deliver normal working genes |
| How are microbes grown? | In petri dishes containing agar |
| What technique is used when handling microbes? | The aseptic technique |
| Why is the aseptic technique important when handling microbes? | It ensures all equipment is sterile to minimize the possibility of contamination to the surroundings and to the microbes we are growing |
| What conditions do microbes need to grow other than the food agar provides? | Warm and moist conditions |
| Describe the aseptic technique? | Look at page 3 in microbes booklet |
| What does the growth of microbes do to food? | It makes it ''go off'' |
| What does fungi and bacteria do to food? | Fungi causes and vegetables to rot, Bacteria makes protein in food denature (this makes milk curdle) |
| Explain the effect of high and low temperatures on bacterial growth? | If the temp is greater than 75 c then bacteria dies, 62 - 75 c bacteria doesn't die but it doesn't grow/multiply, 5-62 c food danger zone bacteria grows and multiplies rapidly by binary fission, 5-0.5 c bacteria grow slowly with slow multiplication, below 0.5 c bacterial growth stops |
| What are the three types of microbes? | Bacteria(e.g.typhoid, salmonella), Fungi(e.g. athletes foot) and Viruses(e.g.Flu, HIV) |
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