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Description
Flashcards by Diana Domingues, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Diana Domingues
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Personality | The thoughts feelings and behaviours that make an individual unique |
| Temperatment | The genetic component of personality. It describes the way an individual responds to the environment and stays constant throughout life. |
| Thomas, Chess and Birch Aim | To discover whether ways of responding to the environment remain stable throughout lfie |
| Thomas, Chess and Birch Method | They studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. The children's behaviour was observed and their parents were interviewed. The parents were asked about the child's routine and it's reactions to change. |
| Thomas, Chess and Birch Results | They found that the children fell into 3 types: Easy, (Were happy, flexible and regular) Difficult, (Were demanding, inflexible and cried a lot) and Slow to Warm Up (Did not respond well to change or new experiences to begin with, but once they had adapted, they were usually happy) |
| Thomas, Chess and Birch Conclusion | As these ways of responding to the environment stayed with the children as they developed, Thomas, Chess and Birch concluded that temperament is innate. |
| Buss and Plomin Aim | To test the idea that temperament is innate. |
| Buss and Plomin Method | They studied 228 pairs of monozygotic twins and 172 [pairs of dizygotic twins. They rated the temperament of the twins when they were 5 years old. They looked at emotionality, activity and sociability They then compared the scores of each pair of twins. |
| Buss and Plomin Results | There was a closer correlation between the scores of monozygotic twins than between the scores of dizygotic twins. |
| Buss and Plomin Conclusion | Temperament has a genetic basis |
| Kagan and Snidman Aim | To investigate whether temperament is due to biological differences |
| Kagan and Snidman Method | They studied the reactions the reactions of 4 month of babies to new situations. For the first minute, the baby was placed in a seat with the caregiver sitting nearby. For the next 3 minutes, the caregiver moved out of baby's view while the baby was shown different toys by the researcher. |
| Kagan and Snidman Results | 20% of the babies cried, had vigorous movements of the arms and legs and arched their back.. (high reactive). 40% of the babies showed little movement or emotion, (low reactive). The remaining infants fell somewhere between the two. 11 years later, low reactives were calm and high reactives were shy. |
| Kagan and Snidman Conclusion | They concluded that these 2 temperaments are due to inherited in the way that the brain responds. |
| Type Theory | Personality types thought to be inherited they can be described using related traits. |
| Extroversion | A personality type that describes those who look to the outside world for entertainment. They are sociable, have many friends and are outgoing. |
| Introversion | A personality type that describes people that describes people who are content with their own company. They have few, but close friends, and are serious and organised. |
| Neuroticism | A personality type that describes people who have a strong but intense reaction to fear. They are anxious and moody. |
| Eysenck Aim | To investigate personality differences between people. |
| Eysenck Method | 700 servicemen completed a questionnaire. Eysenck analyse the results using factor analysis. |
| Eysenck Results | He identified 2 dimensions of personality. Extroversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability |
| Personality scales | Ways of measuring personality using yes/no questions. |
| Psychoticism | A 3rd dimension identified by Eysenck. People who scored high in this dimension are hostile, aggressive, insensitive and cruel. |
| Eysenck Personality Inventory EPI | -Scale measures introversion-extroversion and neuroticism-stability. -It is made up of yes/no questions. -The 2 dimensions are independent of each other |
| Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ | -Similar to the EPI, however includes a new dimension of personality: Psychotocism. -3 dimensions are independent of each other |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A condition in which the individual does not use socially acceptable behaviours or consider the rights of others. |
| Characteristics of APD | - Being deceitful by lying, conning others and using aliases - Being irritable and aggressive, often involved in physical fights or assaults. - Lacking remorse by being indifferent to or finding reasons for hurting, mistreating or stealing from others. - Being irresponsible by not holding down a job or paying back money. |
| DSM | APD is a condition listed in the DSM, and has a list of criteria as how to identify it. APD can't be diagnosed for under 18's |
| Amygdala | Part of the brain involved in emotion Responsible for learning negative consequences of actions and responding to fearful or sad facial expressions |
| Prefrontal cortex | Involved in social and moral behaviour and controls aggression. Allows us to feel guilt |
| Biological causes of APD | -Amygdala may be affected - Reduction in grey matter in prefrontal cortex |
| Raine et al Aim | To support the theory that abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex cause APD |
| Raine et al Method | MRI was used to study 21 men with APD and a control group of 34 healthy men. They were all volunteers. |
| Raine et al Results | The APD group had an 11% reduction in the prefrontal grey matter compared to the control group |
| Raine et al Conclusion | APD is caused by a reduction in the brain's grey matter |
| Situational causes of APD | -Socioeconomic factors -Quality of life at home -Educational factors |
| Farrington Aim | To investigate the development of offending and antisocial behaviour in males studied from males studied from childhood to the age of 50. |
| Farrington Method | Longitudinal study of the development of 411 males of deprived inner city of London. They were first studied at the age of 8 until 50. Their parents and teachers were also interviewed. Searches in the Criminal Records office determined whether they or family members had been convicted of a crime |
| Farrington Results | 41% of males were convicted of at least 1 offence between the ages of 10 and 50. The most important risk factors for offending were criminal behaviour in the family, low school achievement, poverty and poor parenting. |
| Farrington Conclusion | Situational factors lead to the development of antisocial behaviour. |
| Elander et al Aim | To investigate the childhood risk factors that can be used to predict antisocial behaviour in adults |
| Elander et al Method | Researchers investigated 225 twins diagnosed with childhood disorders and interviewed them 10-25 years later. |
| Elander et al Results | They found that childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorders, low IQ and reading problems were strong predictors of APD and criminality in adult life. |
| Elander et al Conclusion | Disruptive behaviour in childhood can be used to predict APD in adulthood |
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