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Jonathan Bugeya Miller Challenge and Change in Society Higher School Certificate English 134 cards

Cards in this deck (134)

  1. 1What is Anthropology?The study of cultures and how they are shaped by the world around them
  2. 2What is sociology?The study of human behavior in social groups
  3. 3What is psychology?The study of the human mind and its functions
  4. 4What are the psychological levels of explanation?- Lower (Biological)
    -Middle (Interpersonal)
    -Higher (Cultural and social)
  5. 5What are the six psychological schools of thought?-Structuralism
    -Functionalism
    -Psychodynamic
    -Behaviorism
    -Cognitive
    -Socio-Cultural
  6. 6Who was Sigmund Frued?An American psychologist who founded the psychodynamic psychology
  7. 7Who was Ivan Pavlov?Russian psychologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning
  8. 8Who was B. F. SkinnerAmerican psychologist who contributed to the school of behaviorism
  9. 9Define Society please <3a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area and share a culture
  10. 10Define culture please <3a group that shares practices, values, beliefs, norms and artifacts.
  11. 11What are the levels of sociology?-Micro
    -Macro
    -Global
  12. 12Who wrote the sociological imagination?C. Wright Mills
  13. 13What are social structures?The pattern that is observed in which help sociologist define how a certain society functions.
  14. 14Who was Auguste ComteA French philosopher and the text considers him to be the father of Sociology and also the founder of positivism
  15. 15Who was Karl Marx?A German philosopher who created the communist manifesto (basically states that proper sharing of everything is the best form of society). Made a critical analysis of material inequalities which causes social instability and conflict. He called this historical materialism. Founder of critical sociology
  16. 16Who was Émile Durkheim?A French sociologist who wrote on suicide and why it occurs. Analyzed social facts and social functions. Also said that laws create social solidarity which basically means laws connect people just as a human body does.
  17. 17What are the paradigms of Sociology?-Positivism
    -Interpretive Sociology
    -Conflict Sociology
    -Feminism (side paradigm)
  18. 18Name three characteristics of a culture.-Culture is learned
    -Cultures are integrated
    -Culture is based on symbols
    -Cultures interact and change
    -Culture is not the same as nature
  19. 19What is structuralism?-A psychological school of though
    -Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements of psychological experience
    -Founded by Wundt and Titchener
  20. 20What is functionalism?-A psychological school of thought
    -A study of what humans do in their current mental state (how they function ;) )
    -Founded by William James
  21. 21What is Psycho dynamic?-A Psychological School of thought
    -Emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.
    -Founded by Freud, Jung, Alder, and Erikson
  22. 22What is behaviorism?-A psychological school of thought
    -the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning
    -Created by Watson and Skinner
  23. 23What is cognitive psychology?-Psychological school of thought of course
    -The study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking".
    -Founded by Piaget
  24. 24What is social psychology?-A psychological school of though :P
    -The study of how thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by surroundings
    -Founded by Heifers
  25. 25What is qualitative research?-Focus on more face-to-face research
    -A research method that is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
  26. 26What is quantitative research?The research of objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys
  27. 27How would a positivist approach situations?It would relies solely on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates.
    -Founded by August Comte
  28. 28How would a interpretative approach situations?It would consider the meanings individuals place on their surroundings and allow that "reality" be able to define behaviour and thinking.
    -Max Weber <3
  29. 29How might a criticalist approach situations?Approaches the inequality barriers in individual lives and how they might influence behaviours, thinking, etc.
  30. 30What are empirical methods?The methods that focus on scientific evidence that prove a hypothesis
    -Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation.
  31. 31What are the 3 paradigms of sociology?-Structural Functionalism
    -Critical Sociology
    -Symbolic Interactionism
  32. 32What is structural functionalism?A theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts deigned to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society.
  33. 33What is symbolic interactionism?A theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationships individuals within their society by studying their communication.
  34. 34What is functionalism?Is the concept of how individuals interrelate with each other as individuals in society.
  35. 35What is Structuralism?The elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.
  36. 36What is introspection?the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.
  37. 37What are the five fields of Anthropology? (BALCA)Biological Anthropology
    Archaeology
    Linguistic Anthropology
    Cultural Anthropology
    Applied Anthropology
  38. 38What are the three debates?-Biological Determinism Vs Cultural Structuralism
    -Interpretive Anthropology Vs Cultural Materialism
    -Individual Agency Vs Structuralism
  39. 39What is Biological Determinism?The idea that all human behaviour is determined by genes, brain size, or other biological factors
  40. 40What is cultural structuralism?The idea that the surrounding culture influences behaviours and thinking of an individual
  41. 41What is interpretive anthropology?the study of cultural symbols and how those symbols can be used to better understanding a particular society.
  42. 42What is cultural materialism?An approach that divides a culture into 3 layers:
    -infrastructure (basic needs)
    -structure (institutions & laws)
    -superstructure (beliefs, values, art, etc)
  43. 43What is individual agency?the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.
  44. 44What is structuralism?Structure is those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.) that determine or limit an agent and his or her decisions.
  45. 45What is classical conditioning?conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (as the sound of a bell) is paired with and precedes the unconditioned stimulus (as the sight of food) until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response (as salivation in a dog)
    -Ivan Pavlov was the first to show this working with a dog
  46. 46What is operant conditioning?Operant conditioning is a form of learning. In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour. A consequence may be Reinforced with a positive or rewarding event.
  47. 47Please summarize the ideology of the sociological imagination.C. Wright Mills emphasized the importance of seeing the connections between social structure and individual experience and agency.
  48. 48What does Freud's theory of personality consist of?The Id, the ego, and the superego
  49. 49What is the id responsible for?The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts.
  50. 50What is the ego responsible for?The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision making component of personality. Ideally the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and totally unreasonable.
  51. 51What is the superego responsible for?The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection.
  52. 52How does Karl Marx view class?He sees capitalists (the bourgeoisie) affecting the working class (proletariat) by making them unhappy due to alienation from the final product
  53. 53Who is the bourgeoisie?The capitalists who owns most of society's wealth and means of production
  54. 54Who is the proletariat?The working-class people
  55. 55What is historical materialism?The view that events and institutions are based on economic forces. The bourgeoisie determine the rules and morals of Society.
  56. 56What is the view of critical cultural relativism?When an individual is able to question some foreign cultural standards but the majority of the standards are not
  57. 57What is absolute cultural relativism?When an individual not does not make any questions on cultural standards because that would be ethnocentric of the researcher
  58. 58What issues might occur with absolute relativism?Some situations might have other people killed and as a researcher you can't intervene. For instance, the holocaust
  59. 59What is an ethnography?It is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study.
  60. 60What is ethnocentrism?When someone judges another culture's standards based on their own.
  61. 61What is participant observation?One type of data collection method typically used in qualitative research. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology
  62. 62What is significant about hunter and gatherers?They were egalitarian since both sexes had jobs (men hunted while females gathered)
  63. 63What are hunters and gathers?-A nomadic egalitarian means of production
    -Males hunted
    -Females gathered
  64. 64What is horticulture production?A means of production that slashes and burns crops
    -Focused on crops extensively with burning the cultivation
    -Division of labour depends on age and sex
    -Sedentary (somewhat inactive)
  65. 65What is pastoralism?Herders of domesticated animals that are nomadic to exploit seasons or conditions
    -more unequal than hunting and gathering
  66. 66What is agriculture?-A variety of techniques employed that enable the cultivation of permanent fields
    -More labour-intensive
    -Irrigation free cultivation from seasonal domination
    -Terracing the land (making it flat)
    -large food and surplus
    -Dramatic increase of social inequality
  67. 67What is the industry?A mode of production that includes large machinery
    -Schooling became important due to new skills needed
    -Created economic inequality
    -Weakened human community
  68. 68What is the post-industrial mean of production?New information technology
    -Production focused on computers and other electronic devices
    -New skills that define a way of life
    -Society now creates symbolic culture?
  69. 69What is acculturation?A cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture
  70. 70What is social change?Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs & practices of the people who believe in it.
  71. 71What is the evolutionary theory of change?Societies evolve from simple beginnings to complex ends
  72. 72What is the Cyclical Theory of ChangeChange happens like trends and are easily predictable
  73. 73What is the challenge and response theory of change?Each society faces some sort of challenge and they must respond successfully in order to survive
  74. 74What is the conflict theory of change?Society changes because of the dynamics between rich and poor
  75. 75What is the functionalist theory of change?Society is affected by social institutions (new ones mean new norms)
  76. 76What are the three modes of exchange?Reciprocity
    Redistribution
    Market exchange
  77. 77What is reciprocity?3 types
    -Generalized (nothing in return)
    -Balanced (gift for gift)
    -Negative (big gift for small one)
  78. 78What is redistribution?Members contribute items to a central organization
    -common among tribes
    -Consider the Pot latch (indigenous fiests)
  79. 79What is market exchange?-Trades of goods calculated by value based on currency
    -Includes financial institutions
    -Used in capitalist societies
    -Canada is a perfect example
  80. 80What is the Asch conformity experiment?A line comparison test that proved people are more likely to follow the crowed even when they are wrong.
    -Additionally, if someone followed the real participant, they would be more likely to follow their own opinion
  81. 81What is the Stanford prison experiment?-Young men were divided into the roles of Prisoner and Guard and put in a prison-like environment.
    -Guards and the suffering of the Prisoners was so intense that it had to be called off.
    -The study provided a graphic illustration of the power of situations to shape individuals' behaviour.
  82. 82What is Stanley Migram's experiment?-An electrical shock experiment that focused on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.
  83. 83What is anomie and who founded it?Anomie is normlessness where the expectations of behaviour are unclear and the system has broken down. This would cause deviant behaviours and later cause suicide.
  84. 84What is alienation?A situation where there is less integration among the people in a community and individuals do not feel connected to each other.
  85. 85How does Howe & Strauss view Millennials?Millennials are:
    Sheltered
    Confident
    Team-oriented
    Achieving
    Pressured
    Conventional
  86. 86What is helicopter parenting?A style of parenting where the parents will participate in most of the child's life for their safety and future
  87. 87What are the negatives of helicopter parenting?Kids are isolated from trouble so when they become grown ups they'll be relying on their parents for certain things rather than doing their jobs as grown ups.
  88. 88What is the baby boom?An period after World War II that had parents making lots of babies. This created a new generation of children known as the boomers.
  89. 89What was the impact of the baby boom?Suburban culture
    (large demand for housing, construction boomed)
    Counterculture
    (1964-1972 boomers were rebellious)
    Institutional growth and money
    (need for schools, free health care and low cost for schools)
    Retirement soon
  90. 90What is the boomerang generation?They are so named for the percentage of whom choose to share a home with their parents after previously living on their own – thus boomeranging back to their parents' residence.
  91. 91How has the boomers affected generation Y?The boomers are lean towards helicopter because of the urge of a "perfect kid" in the media. As a result, the child is isolated from the "impure" things.
  92. 92What is socialization?When an individual inherits norms, customs, and ideologies of a culture they live in.
  93. 93What are the three types of socialization?-Primary (Family and friends)
    -Secondary (Religion, schools, work places)
    -Social classes (class, race, gender)
  94. 94What does "wean" mean?Accustom (an infant or other young mammal) to food other than its mother's milk.
  95. 95What is a cross-cultural example of differences when concerning weaning?-Some cultures believe that infants should be allowed to wean themselves
    -Other cultures will wean the infants when they desire, rather others will wean on a strict schedule
    -There are norms about the age of weaning and how it should be accomplished
  96. 96What are the 4 social norms that people unconsciously follow?-Folkways (weird to break)
    -Mores (rude to break)
    -Laws (illegal to break)
    -Situational
    (weird to break in certain situations)
  97. 97What are the four types of social movements?-Reform
    -Revolutionary
    -Reactionary
    -Resistance
  98. 98What is a reform movement?Organized to carry out reforms in some specific areas
  99. 99What is a revolutionary movement?These movements advocate for replacing the entire existing structure by reorganizing society in accordance to their own ideological blueprint
  100. 100What is a reactionary movement?This group's is to reverse the social change that previously occurred
  101. 101What is a resistance movement?A group formed around resisting a change so they can make a change. I.E. boycotting things
  102. 102What is the life cycle of a social movement?Emergence
    Coalescence
    Bureaucratization
    Decline
  103. 103What are the stages of a social movement?Municipal
    Regional
    National
    Global
  104. 104What is absolute poverty?A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.
  105. 105What is relative poverty?The lack of minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live.
  106. 106What treatments are there for certain disorders?Cognitive therapy (modify patterns)
    Behavioural therapy (modify environmental triggers)
    Cognitive-Behavioural therapy ( /\Mix of the two)
    -Medication (has negative side-affects)
  107. 107What kind of disorders are there?Mood disorders (Bipolar)
    Schizophrenia
    Anxiety Disorders (OCD)
    Personality Disorders (BPD)
  108. 108How might disorders be predicted?Genetic predisposition
    Childhood trauma
    Life stress
  109. 109What does stereotypes mean?It means oversimplified ideas a out groups of people
  110. 110What does prejudice refer to?It refers to thought & feelings about stereotypical groups
  111. 111What does discrimination refer to?It's the action against stereotypical groups
    -Can also include promotion of a group's status (such as white privileged)
  112. 112What does gender refer to?Refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave.
  113. 113What does sex refer to?The physical or physiological differences between males and females
  114. 114What is sexism?Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over the other
  115. 115What is ethnicity?A group of individuals that share traditions, language, and religion.
  116. 116What is institutional racism?Refers to the way in which racial distinctions are used to organize the policy and practice of state, judicial, economic, and educational institutions.
  117. 117What is rationalization?The social process by which a racial identity is attached to a group and that group is placed in a race-based society.
  118. 118What is the class structure in Canada?The owning class, the middle class, and the working class.
  119. 119What is homophobia?The dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people
  120. 120What is heterosexism?Discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation.
  121. 121What does heteronormative mean?Promoting that heterosexuality is the preferred sexual orientation
  122. 122What is equality of condition mean?A form of egalitarianism which seeks to reduce or eliminate differences in material condition between individuals or households in society
  123. 123What is equality of opportunity?The view that any discrimination in employment is highly discouraged
  124. 124How does a structural functionalist view gender discrimination?Each sex has a role to play in the society
  125. 125How might symbolic internationalism view gender discrimination?Gender is socially constructed so that results in a constructed discrimination towards certain genders
  126. 126How does conflict theory view gender discrimination?Keeping females in subordinate roles, men ensure that they control the means of production and protect their privileges
  127. 127How might feminist theory approach gender discrimination?Patriarchy (men dominate and hold authority over everyone)
    Class, race, gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others
  128. 128What happened to Jamaica and why is it significant for globalization?They gained independence from Great Britain in 1962, but all kinds of financial problems persisted after created by colonial movements
  129. 129When and why was the IMF created?Created at the end of WWII
    Created to give short term major loans to the countries that won the war
  130. 130What does Jamaica look like post-colonial?-Really poor
    -Free trade barriers
    -Privatized
    -Devalued currency
    -High interest loans for citizens
  131. 131What is neoliberalism?A form of free-market capitalism that advocates for privatization of public services, and free-trade.
  132. 132What is the World Bank and why was it created?Created for rebuilding Europe after WWII
    -"working for a world free of poverty"
    -Provide low interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing countries
  133. 133What are structural adjustment loans?a type of loan to developing countries. It is the mechanism by which international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, impose structural adjustment.
  134. 134What are the conditions of structural adjustment loans?-Make currency cheaper
    -Cut social services and privatize them
    -Suppress wages
    -Force citizens to adhere to high interest rate loans

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Higher School Certificate Challenge and Change in Society Flashcards on Exam Review, created by Jonathan Bugeya Miller on 23/04/2017.
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