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Description
Flashcards by Finlay Boyle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Finlay Boyle
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Healthy | Free of infections or diseases |
| Fitness | Measure of how well you perform physical tasks. (Strength, speed, agility, flexibility and stamina) |
| What is blood pressure? | Measured in mmHg (mm of mercury) and is influenced by different factors. |
| Define Systolic Pressure | Pressure when the heart contracts. This is the highest point. |
| Diastolic Pressure | Pressure when the heart reaches diastole and relaxes. This is the lowest point. |
| What factors affect blood pressure? | Smoking, weight, alcohol consumption and persistent stress over a period of time. |
| What are the effects of high blood pressure? | It can cause blood vessels to burst which can cause strokes and brain damage as well as kidney damage. |
| What are the effects of low blood pressure? | Feeling lightheaded, poor circulation and fainting. |
| Plaque | A build up of cholesterol in arteries caused by eating too many saturated fats. Leads to high blood pressure. |
| What is the risk caused by narrow arteries? | It can lead to a heart attack because the coronary arteries become narrowed and heart does not receive oxygen and nutrients. |
| What are the six essential nutrients? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins and minerals. (+ fibre) |
| What are fats and where are they stored? | They are fatty acids and glycerol. They are stored as adipose tissue around organs and under the skin. |
| Why is protein shortage a problem in developing countries? | As the supply-and-demand rate changes rapidly, not enough protein-rich food can be made to prevent diseases such as kwashiorkor. The lack of food, money and infrastructure affect production. |
| What is the formula for EAR? | EAR (g) = 0.6 x Mass (kg) |
| What are two main psychological disorders which affect food consumption? | Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. |
| What is the formula for BMI? | BMI = Mass (kg) / Height^2 (m) |
| What are the four types of pathogens? | Fungi, viruses, bacteria and protozoa. |
| What is a vector? | It is an organism which carries a disease without being affected by it. For example, mosquitoes are vectors of malaria. |
| What are the three ways that the immune system deals with pathogens? | Production of anti-toxins, ingestion and production of antibodies. |
| How are antibodies produced? | Foreign antigens on the pathogen are identified. Immune system begins creating antibodies to bind to antigen and disable the pathogen. Antibody is stored in memory cells for later use. |
| How do vaccinations work? | A dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the body. The immune system can easily make antibodies which are stored in case of real infection. |
| Active Immunity | Body makes its own antibodies. Happens either naturally or artificially (vaccines) Permanent immunity |
| Passive Immunity | Antibodies are made by a different organism. e.g. A mother passes antibodies through breast feeding. This is temporary. |
| Antibiotics | Drugs which kill bacterial pathogens without harming body cells. If the course is not finished, it leads to antibiotic strains e.g. MRSA |
| Antivirals | Treat viral infections by preventing them from reproducing. |
| Benign | Tumour which does not spread. Non-harmful |
| Malignant | Tumour which spreads. Harmful and potentially fatal. |
| Depressants | Decrease brain activity. Slows nervous system. This happens by them binding to receptors in the synapse which prevents neurotransmitters attaching to the neuron. e.g. Alcohol |
| Stimulants | Increase brain activity. Speed up nervous system. e.g. Caffeine |
| Painkillers | Reduces stimuli at receptors. e.g. Paracetamol |
| Performance Enhancers | Aid in muscle building. e.g. Anabolic steroids |
| Hallucinogens | Distort senses. e.g. LSD |
| What are the effects of smoking? | Heart disease Cancer (throat, mouth, lungs) Smoker's cough Low Weight Babies |
| How does carbon monoxide increase blood pressure? | Binds to red blood cells. Heart has to pump harder to ensure all cells receive enough oxygen. |
|
Label the eye.
Image:
Eye Unlabelled (image/gif)
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Source: BBC
Image:
Eye (image/gif)
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| Cones and Rods | Cones are colour sensitive and only work in reasonable light. ([C]one for [C]olour) Rods work in dim light but aren't colour sensitive |
| What happens when looking at distant objects? | Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments tighten Lens is less rounded - less refraction |
| What happen when looking at nearby objects? | Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments slacken Lens is more rounded - more refraction |
| What mirror types correct which type of sight problems? | Long-sighted - Convex lens Short-sighted - Concave lens |
| What is the pathway of a traditional CNS response? | Stimulus --> Receptor --> Sensory Neurone --> CNS --> Motor Neurone --> Effector --> Response |
| What is the pathway of a reflex response? | Stimulus --> Receptor --> Sensory Neurone --> Relay Neurone --> Motor Neurone --> Effector --> Response (Relay Neurone replaces CNS) |
| Reflex | Involuntary actions designed to happen rapidly without thinking to protect the body. |
| Label a neurone | Source: BBC Missing label is the myelinated sheath which covers the axon. |
| Homeostatis | Maintaining a constant internal environment despite external environment changes through the use of negative feedback. |
| Give 3 things that are controlled by Homeostatis | CO₂ Levels Glucose Levels Water Levels Temperature |
| Negative Feedback | Source: BBC Measures enacted due to changes from the norm in the body. |
| Give 3 corrective measures enacted when the body is too hot. | Flat hairs Vasodilation Sweating |
| Give 3 corrective measures enacted when the body is too cold. | Standing hairs Vasoconstriction Shivering |
| What does insulin do? | Makes the liver convert excess glucose into glycogen. |
| What is the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes? | Type 1 - Pancreas creates little/no insulin. Requires insulin therapy injections. Type 2 - Resistance to insulin. Controlled by dieting. |
| Auxin | A plant hormone which controls growth of the tips of shoots and roots. Stimulates the cell elongation from the tip backwards. Inhibits root growth; stimulates tip growth. |
| Phototropism | Grows towards light Positive - Shoot Negative - Root |
| Geotropism | Grows towards gravity Positive - Root Negative - Shoot |
| What happens to the shaded side of a shoot? | More auxin accumulates which stimulates growth. This causes curving towards the light. |
| Give 3 commercial uses of plant hormones | Selective Weedkillers Rooting Powder Ripening Fruit (at select times) Dormancy Control |
| Order by size: Gene, DNA, Nucleus, Chromosome, Codon | Nucleus --> Chromosome --> Gene --> DNA --> Codon (Codon is a three base pairs which form an amino acid when synthesised) |
| How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell? | 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) |
| Gamete | A sex cell containing half of the genetic information. Leads to variation. |
| Name 3 genetic disorders | Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Anaemia Red-Green Colour Blindness |
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