Changing the way you learn

Question	Answer
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Endotoxin (lipid A component)
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Macrophage activation (TLR4)
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Complement activation
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Tissue factor activation
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	IL-1, IL-6
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	TNF-α
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Nitric oxide
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	C3a
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	C5a
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Coagulation cascade
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Fever
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Fever and Hypotension
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Hypotension
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Histamine release: Hypotension and edema
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Neutrophil chemotaxis
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	DIC
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Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is E in ENDOTOXINS?	Edema
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the first N in ENDOTOXINS? What is the second?	Nitric oxide Neutrophil chemotaxis
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the D in ENDOTOXINS?	DIC/Death
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the first O in ENDOTOXINS? What is the second?	Outer membrane O-antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid A
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the T in ENDOTOXINS?	TNF-α
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the X in ENDOTOXINS?	eXtremely heat stable
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the I in ENDOTOXINS?	IL-1 and IL-6
Mnemonic Device To Remember ENDOTOXINS What is the S in ENDOTOXINS?	Shock
Endotoxins Where is LPS found? In what?	LPS found in outer membrane of gram ⊝ bacteria (both cocci and rods).
Endotoxins Composed of what?	Composed of O antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid A (the toxic component).
Endotoxins How are they released?	Released upon cell lysis or by living cells by blebs detaching from outer surface membrane (vs exotoxin, which is actively secreted).
Endotoxins Three main effects?	Three main effects: macrophage activation (TLR4), complement activation, and tissue factor activation.

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Endotoxin (lipid A component)

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Macrophage activation (TLR4)

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Complement activation

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Tissue factor activation

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IL-1, IL-6

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TNF-α