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| Question | Answer |
| One-group Posttest only design | Subjects -> IV -> DV Probably the worst method; there are many weaknesses such as validity and reliability in this method |
| One-group pretest-posttest design | Subjects -> Pretest -> IV -> DV There are many other explanations for results in this design, so it is not all that valid. |
| Other possible explanations for results | History, Maturation, Testing, Instrument decay, Regression to the mean |
| History | extraneous events are those which occur outside of the experiment that can cause a change in the results, such as media coverage, change in social perception, etc. |
| Maturation | Maturation effects are those caused by developmental change over time; adolescents are a common demographic to be involved in maturation effects. |
| Testing | Testing is the effect arising from the pretesting and posttesting of subjects; the subjects become aware of relevant factors involved in the testing and change their responses appropriately. |
| Instrument Decay | Instrument decay explains results as mere changes in the measurement techniques; fatigue is a common cause of instrument decay when experimenters are recording data. |
| Regression to the mean | If individuals are extreme on a first measurement then there is a strong statistical likelihood that they will be less extreme, closer to the mean, on the seond measurement; the reverse is also possible. |
| Nonequivalent control group design | School 1 -> IV -> DV School 2 -> NoIV -> DV This method mitigates the risk of alternative explanations; however, you are unable to determine whether the groups are homogenous. |
| Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design | S1 -> Pretest -> IV -> DV S2 -> Pretest -> NoIV -> DV |
| Difference between these methods and experimental methods | The groups are not randomly assigned. |
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