916252
Description
Flashcards by Lucy Denver, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lucy Denver
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| First Ionisation Energy equation | X(g)>>>>X+(g) +e- |
| Mass Spectrometer stages | Vapourise Ionise Accelerate Deflect Detect |
| Atomic Radius ACROSS | DECREASES Nuclear charge increases but electrons are added to the same energy level, therefore, greater EFA between nucleus and outermost electrons |
| Atomic Radius DOWN | INCREASES Electrons are added to different energy levels further from the nucleus, reducing EFA and shielding of charge also increases |
| First Ionisation Energy DOWN | DECREASES |
| First Ionisation Energy ACROSS | INCREASES GENERALLY |
| First Ionisation Energy blips | Electrons in higher energy subshells OR Spin pair repulsion between paired negative electrons |
| Relative mass of an electron | 1/1840 |
| Moles in solution | Moles= volume x concentration |
| Moles in solid | Moles = mass / mr |
| Ideal Gas Equation | pV = nRT p in pa v in m^3 t in K |
| Degrees to Kelvin | +273 |
| Empirical formula | % or mass / by Ar / by smallest use ratio |
| Empirical to molecular | n = mr of molecule / mr of empirical empirical x n = molecular formula |
| Atom economy | mass of product / mass of all reactants x 100 |
| Yield | actual mass / theoretical mass x 100 |
| Ionic bond | Strong EFA between oppositely charged ions |
| Ionic are soluble in water | Polar solvent molecules attract ions out of the lattice into solution |
| Metallic bond | Strong EFA between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons |
| Covalent bond | A shared pair of electrons between two atoms |
| Giant covalent structures | Silicon dioxide Graphite Diamond |
| Dative covalent bond | A covalent bond where both of the shared electrons are donated from one of the atoms |
| Van der Waal's depends on... | Size of molecules - more electrons means larger dipoles which are harder to overcome which INCREASES mbp Branching - more branching decreases surface contact area and vdw which DECREASES mbp |
| Hydrogen bond | H bonded to an O, N or F with at least one lone pair |
| 2 Bonding Pairs | Linear 180° |
| 3 Bonding Pairs | Trigonal Planar 120° |
| 4 Bonding Pairs | Tetrahedral 109.5° |
| 5 Bonding Pairs | Trigonal Bipyramidal 120° and 90° |
| 6 Bonding Pairs | Octahedral 90° |
| 1 Lone Pair 2 Bonding Pairs | Angular 117.5° |
| 1 Lone Pair 3 Bonding Pairs | Pyramidal 107° |
| 2 Lone Pairs 2 Bonding Pairs | Bent 104.5° |
| 2 Lone Pairs 4 Bonding Pairs | Square Planar 90° |
| Structural Isomers | Chain Isomerism Position Isomerism Functional Group Isomerism |
| Fractional Distillation | Separates alkanes into chain lengths by bp HOT BOTTOM and COLD TOP LONG BOTTOM and SHORT TOP |
| LPG | Camping gas |
| Naptha | Petrochemicals |
| Kerosene | Jet fuel |
| Diesel | Central heating fuel |
| Mineral oil | Lubricant |
| Fuel oil | Power station fuel |
| Wax, grease | Candles |
| Bitumen | Road surfacing |
| What is Cracking? | Breaking C-C alkane bonds to form an alk-1-ene and shorter chained alkane |
| Thermal Cracking conditions | ONE ALKENE PRODUCT 1000K 7000KPa No catalyst |
| Catalytic Cracking | BRANCHED ALKANES (burn smoothly as fuels), CYCLOALKANES AND AROMATICS 720K Just above atmospheric pressure Zeolite catalyst |
| Complete alkane combustion | Alkane + Oxygen>>>> Carbon Dioxide + Water |
| Incomplete alkane combustion | Alkane + Oxygen >>>> Carbon Monoxide + Water Alkane + Oxygen >>>> Carbon + Water |
| Nitrogen Oxides | Formed as air petrol mixture sparks and explodes Nitrogen + Oxygen >>>> Nitrogen Monoxide |
| Catalytic Converter | PLATINUM, PALLADIUM, RHODIUM Spread thinly over ceramic honeycomb to give large surface area 2CO + 2NO >>>> N2 + 2CO2 NO + Alkane >>>> CO2 + Water + N2 |
| Sulphur dioxide pollutant | Under UV SO2 + 1/2 O2 >>>> SO3 SO2 OR SO3 + Water >>>> Acid Rain NOT REMOVED IN CATALYTIC CONVERTER |
| Flue Gas Desulphurisation | Use Calcium Carbonate (limestone) to neutralise SO2 |
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