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Flashcards by Karima Ranieri, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Karima Ranieri
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nasser and the West British influence in Egypt during the Second World War | - British used Egypt as a base for their desert campaigns against the Germans and Italians. - In 1942, they insisted that the Egyptian king replace his 'pro-German' prime minister with a pro-British one. - Increasing dominance in the Suez Canal. |
| What did the British and Americans try to persuade Nasser's government to join in the 1950s? | An anti-Soviet alliance. (Baghdad Pact) |
| How did Nasser feel about the 'Soviet threat' | - 'Five thousand miles away' - Western powers and Israel posed a much greater threat to Egypt's stability. |
| When was the Baghdad Pact and why was it created? Who did it persuade to join? | - 1955 - At the height of the Cold War, the British formed an anti-Soviet alliance with Turkey and Iran, they tried to persuade the government of Iraq to join. |
| How did Nasser feel about the Baghdad Pact? | - Didn't want Arab states to join. - Seemed like British interference in Arab affairs again. - Baghdad Pact = instrument of Western intervention. |
| What was the 'Voice of the Arabs' and what did it represent? As a propaganda tool, what did it manage to achieve in regards to the Baghdad Pact? | - Arab world's biggest radio station. - Reached millions in the Arab world. - Nasser appeal of Arab unity. - Opposition to Western imperialism. - Won wide-scale Arab support. - Only Iraq, out of all the Arab states, was able to join the Baghdad Pact. |
| Nasser and the non-aligned world | - Nasser wanted to remain neutral. - Many countries followed suit and remained non-aligned. - In 1955, Nasser attended the first conference in Bandung, Indonesia, with the non-aligned states. |
| When was the Czechs arms deal? | September 1955 |
| What did the Czechs arms deal September 1955 entail? How was it a success for Nasser? | - Agreement to buy arms for sales of cotton and rice. - Nasser secured the weapons Egypt needed to defend itself. - Successful in portraying diminishing influence of the West. |
| Nasser and the Suez crisis 1956 How did the other Arab states follow Nasser's defiance against the Western powers? How did this unify the Arabs even more? | - After the Suez crisis, Syria and Saudi Arabia broke off relations with Britain and France. - Jordan signed a military pact with Syria and Egypt. - January 1957, a 'Treaty of Arab Solidarity' was signed by Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. |
| Arab cold war Which Arab governments were wary of Nasser? Why? | - Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. - All three were ruled by conservative monarchies. - Suspicious of Nasser's motives; felt that Nasser's Arab nationalism was a cover for Egyptian imperialism. |
| When was the United Arab Republic formed and till when? | 1958-1961 |
| Why did it form? | - Syria accepted economic and military aid from the Soviet Union. - USA persuaded Turkey to move troops to its border with Syria. - Egypt moved troops to Syria. - Syrian parliament voted immediate union with Egypt. |
| How did Nasser feel about the possible unification between Syria and Egypt? | - Nasser was not enthusiastic. - Syria + Egypt = no common border. - Different political and economic systems. - He insisted that political and economic systems of Syria would have to be merged with those of Egypt. - It would mean bringing its major industries and banks under government control. |
| How did the Syrians feel about a possible reunion? | - Syrians felt vulnerable. - Syrian population: 4 million - Egypt population: 26 million. They thought they would feel more secure uniting with Egypt. |
| When was the UAR born? | February 1958 |
| What happened 5 months after the creation of the UAR, in Iraq? | - The Iraqi army overthrew and killed their king and his leading minister, Nuri al-Said, and declared Iraq a republic. - The country left the Baghdad Pact, which then collapsed. |
| What were the problems with the UAR, why did it end in 1961? | - Syrians felt inferior: the army and government of the new Arab state was dominated by Egyptians. - Landowners and businessmen disliked Nasser's Arab Socialism. - Egyptians insisted Syria carry out land reform; breaking up big estates and redistributing land to the peasants. - In September 1961, Syrian army officers carried out a coup, Egyptian forces did not intervene. - New Syrian prime minister wished to maintain a close alliance with Egypt. |
| What council did Nasser and the Free Officers form after they took power in 1952? | The Revolutionary Command Council |
| What happened to leading members of the Wafd and the ex-kings government? | They were put on trial and imprisoned. |
| What happened when Nasser dominated the government in 1954? How was the political system under him? | - Ensured most senior positions were held by army officers or people with a military background. - In January 1953, all political parties were banned. - National Union was declared to be the only legitimate political party. - Army dominated Egyptian politics. - Parliament power = limited - Great majority of Egyptians consented to this highly authoritarian rule, even after the disaster of the 1967 war. |
| Which group did not consent willingly to Nasser? | The Muslim Brotherhood |
| When was the Muslim Brotherhood founded? | 1928 |
| What were the aims of the Muslim brotherhood? Who did they appeal to and what did they offer? | - Renewed faith in Islam - Appealed to urban masses who were most exploited - Offered social welfare for all the family - Its schools taught traditional Muslim learning |
| What did Nasser fear? What did Nasser do with the Brotherhood? | - The influence of the Muslim Brotherhood. - It represented an alternative to his National Union and may attract the allegiance of all Muslims. - Brotherhood was banned, along with the other parties, in 1953. |
| What happened during Nasser's speech in October 1954? | - In October 1954, Nasser was shot at by a member of the Brotherhood, non of the shots hit Nasser and after a pause, Nasser proceeded with his speech. |
| How did Nasser deal with the Brotherhood after the attack? | - Arrested thousands of Muslim Brothers, 6 were hanged for taking part in the assassination. |
| Nasser and 'Arab socialism' List the transformations Nasser set out socially in terms of Egyptian economy and equality to the rural masses | - Land reform - Nasser passed a law which limited land-owning to 200 acres per person, later reduced to 100 acres. - Land confiscated was given to poorer farmers. - Rural poverty was reduced and farming became more efficient. - Government confiscated property of over 1000 wealthy landowners. |
| Nasser and 'Arab socialism' what did Nasser nationalise by 1967? | - Export of cotton - Banks - Large industrial companies - Transport - The Press - Suez Canal |
| What was the Aswan Dam project for? | - Plan to industrialise Egypt depended on reliable energy supplies, so the Aswan Dam was important in creating hydroelectric power. |
| What was the result of Nasser's programmes? | - He managed to expand schools and hospitals, reduced poverty, increase opportunity for the masses - The construction of the Dam was a huge achievement and provided 7 million kWh each year, over 2000 villages had been electrified by 1970. |
| In 1963, what project was Israel about to complete? How was this a threat to certain Arab countries? | - The Israelis were about to complete a project to divert 75% of water from the River Jordan to Israel for irrigation and industrial development. - This was a great threat to Syria and Jordan who depended on water from the river. |
| What did Nasser do to illustrate Arab unity? | - He called for a conference of Arab leaders in Cairo in January 1964. |
| What was agreed to be set up in the conference? | The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 1964 |
| What did Egypt sign with Syria in 1966? | A defence agreement which paved way for the events that led to the Six Day War 1967. |
| When did Nasser die? | In 1970, heart attack. |
| Who was Nasser succeeded by? | Anwar Sadat |
| How was Sadat viewed by the Arab world? | - When Sadat flew to Israel in 1977, Arab countries disapproved of his actions. - The peace treaty with Israel in 1979, further illustrated a betrayal of the Arab cause. |
| How was Sadat's domestic policy different to that of Nasser? | - He relaxed some of the harsher aspects of Nasser's rule. - Press was allowed more freedom - Political parties could operate again - Policy of intifah encouraged private investment. |
| When the Muslim Brotherhood reappeared, what did they express opposition to? | - Western influence in Egypt: Dress code and alcohol - Attacked the peace made with Israel. - They called for an Islamic state. |
| What did Sadat fear in September 1981? What did he do to eliminate this feeling of 'fear'? | That the Muslim Brotherhood would attempt to overthrow him, and so he arrested 1500 people. |
| What happened a month later? | He was gunned down by a group of Islamists within the army. |
| Who succeeded Sadat? | Hosni Mubarak 1981-2011 |
| What were Egypt's relations with the USA under Mubarak? | - They remained a close ally and received more financial aid than any other country except Israel. |
| Was there a threat from the Muslim Brotherhood and other militant Islamic groups? | - In the 1990s, the most militant Islamist group launched a series of violent attacks on government ministers, officials, the president himself and foreign tourists. |
| When did Mubarak step down and hand power to the army leaders? | in 2011 after mass protests known as the 'Arab Spring' |
| How long was Syria under the Baathists for? | From 1963 - 2011 |
| What did the Baathists believe in? What was their aim? | - They believed that the Arabs could only achieve full independence through full Arab unity. |
| When did the Baathists seize power? | Two years after the UAR broke up (1963) |
| Who did the Baathists gain most support from? | Urban educated middle classes Alawites - formed 12% of the population in Syria but held prominent positions in the army and Baath Party. |
| Syria's Muslim Brotherhood, what did they believe and were they popular? | - Opposed the Baathist government - Believed that Islam should play a central role in the government and legal system - Attracted mass support, especially from Sunni Muslims. |
| When did the defence minister, General Hafiz al-Assad, seize power? | In 1970, and a year later he became president. |
| What did Assad order, in order to diminish threat of Brotherhood? How did they react in 1979? | - When Assad ordered a crackdown on the Brotherhood in the late 1970s, the latter went on the offensive. - in 1979 they attacked the military academy in Aleppo, killing over 250 military cadets, majority of whom were Alawites. |
| How did the government respond to their actions? | - Sent 25,000 troops into Aleppo. - Arrested over 8000 Muslim brothers and killed over 500 unarmed Muslim Brotherhood prisoners in their cells. |
| What happened in 1981 in Hama? | Army launched an attack on the city of Hama, the centre of Islamist opposition since the 1960s. They killed several hundred men, women and children. |
| What did the Brotherhood do in retaliation? | - In November, a single car bomb killed 200 people. |
| What did the Syrian army do in 1982? How many people were killed? | - Full-scale military attack on Hama, using tanks and aircraft. - Army demolished whole areas of the city, burying the defenders and killing the townspeople who were suspected to support the Brotherhood. Between 10,000 and 20,000 were killed. |
| When did President Assad die? | 2000 |
| Who succeeded him? | His son Bashar al-Assad |
| What did Bashar al-Assad do in order to give more freedom? | - He released hundreds of political prisoners and allowed the press more freedom |
| What did security services continue to do? How did the citizens react? | - Detained people without trial - Islamists given long prison sentences - In 2011, there were riots and demands for more democracy. - Demands for Assad's resignation spread when teenagers were arrested and tortured for painting revolutionary slogans on a school wall. |
| Saudi Arabia and the US To what extent did the Saudi king rely on the US before and after the Second World War? | - The Saudi King's country was remote, poor and undeveloped. - This led him to ally with the West, particularly the USA. - After WW2, oil production brought great wealth to the country. - To develop and protect its oil, the Saudi King looked to the west. - The country's alliance with the West was made stronger due to joint fear and hatred against Soviet communism. |
| Saudi Arabia and the Muslim people How did the Saudi monarchy portray that they were devout Muslims, regardless of dependence on the US? Did they face opposition? | - Financed Muslim charities - Built mosques and Islamic schools - 1979: Saudi religious extremists denounced their rulers as corrupt. - They seized control of the Great Mosque in Mecca. - Their armed protest was crushed by the army. |
| Saudi Arabi and Arab nationalism How did the Saudi's find Nasser? To what extent did they portray signs of Arab nationalism? | - Disliked him. - Financed the PLO. - Initiated the embargo on the sale of oil to the West in 1973. - Condemned Egypt's peace treaty with Israel in 1979. |
| The transformation of Saudi Arabia Successes made under the conservative Arab state? | - Late 1970s, Saudi Arabia had vast financial reserves (greater than USA and Japan combined) - With their huge oil revenues, they built roads, airports, schools, hospitals, and housing. - People became healthier, better housed and more educated. - After the succession of a new king in 2005, the first female minister was appointed and a co-educational university was established. |
| The transformation of Saudi Arabia Failures made under the conservative Arab state? | - Women's rights were still restricted. - Local elections introduced but national assembly and parliament were not allowed. |
| Key debate: What was the nature of Arab nationalism? Opposition to Zionism | - Creation of the state of Israel in 1948 - Joint hatred of Zionism - Differences - PLO creation |
| Key debate: What was the nature of Arab nationalism? Opposition to Western intervention | - Freedom from western influence - Baghdad Pact - Suez Crisis - Voice of the Arabs - Anti-imperialist stance - Western creation of Israel |
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