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Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Preparing for War: New Ministries | -Ministry of supply took over steel and iron production for the war -Ministry of Food controlled rationing -Ministry of Labour expanded to to cover organising armed forces and war effort on the homefront -Ministry of information controlled the information people recieved and informed tham about things like rations |
| Preparing for War: Home Guard | -14th May 1940 home minister Eden called for volunteers for the local defence force -Expected 150 000 volunteers, 250 000 volunteered on the first day -In August, 1 million strong the LDF was renamed the Home Guard -Manned anti aircraft stations -1000 people killed -Rescued workers after air raids -Cleared bomb damage -Removed or painted over road and station signs -Put large obstacles in large fields that could be used to land planes -Trained for a German invasion -In charge of detonating or making safe unexploded bombs |
| Preparing for War: ARP Service | -Set up up in 1937 with voluntary ARP wardens to deal with the threat of British cities being bombed -September 1939 had 1.5 million wardens -Put up sandbags to prevent damage -Organised blackouts -Put up barrage balloons to stop low flying planes -Sounded air raid and all clear signals -Checked that people were in shelters -Built a few 50 people shelters but the government decided not to crowd people but instead handed out Anderson Shelters -Helped a lot to protect people and minimise damage -When bombings began they called emergency services such as the fire brigade, heavy rescue and the ambulance service |
| Preparing for War: Evacuation | -At the start of the war were convinced Germans would bomb cities -Most evacuees were children, but some pregnant ladies, mothers with young children and blind people also evacuated -Kept childrens out of dangers way whilst freeing up parents for the war effort -1938 people were encouraged to evacuate -September 1939 evacuation began, 3 million people evacuated within 4 days -By December with no bombings many children returned for christmas |
| The Blitz | -Bombing of British cities by the Luftwaffe from 7th September 1940 to May 1941 -Raids started in daylight but by October Luftwaffe losses so high they changed to nigh time -After attacks on London East End it targeted civilian targets, believing intensive bombing would wreck British morale -Bombings of 16 cities, from Glasgow to Plymouth from Swansea to Hull -Liverpool was targeted as a port -London was bombed 75 of the first 76 night |
| The Blitz: Effects | -Government tried to prepare people but no one imagined the scale -43 000 civilians killed and over 2 million people made homeless -Roads and railways wrecked -Electricity and water supply affected -People also lost a lot of sleep, Survey on 12th September 1940 showed 32% got less than 4 hours sleep and 31% got none at all |
| The Blitz: Did it Work? | -Caused a lot of damage and destruction -Second evacuation meant families were split up -Morale was weakened -Ministry of Information worked hard churning out propaganda that morale had never been higher -Blitz failed it's main objective, people did not turn against the war in large numbers |
| The Blitz: Coventry | -Retaliation of bombing Munich on the 8th November -14th November 7:20 p.m. - 6:15 a.m. -Bombs dropped on city center to start fires that would guide later bombers -Burned so brightly could be seen from 150 miles away -338-554 people killed -Thousands injured -Over 4000 homes destroyed as well as factories, businesses and the cathedral -Returned to Coventry 40 times, but the first raid was by far the worst |
| Baedeker Raids | -April 1942 Germans planned new, smaller raids -Called Baedeker because people said that the targets were cities with 3 stars and above in the German Baedeker tourist guide -April raids were on York, Bath, Exeter and Norwich -In June bombed Canterbury in retaliation for bombing Cologne -Germans lost a bomber and 4 trained crew for every 5 civilians killed |
| New Bombs | -Developed a flying bomb called Vergeltung (retribution) V1 for short -Motor was supposed to cut out over the target -First V1 launched 12 June 1944 -Over 9000 launched, many failed to reach their target and some failed to explode -Killed 6000 people and 1.5 m people left London in a panic -September V2 was developed, rocket powered so could go further and higher but same amount of explosive -5000 launched, only 1000 reached Britain -Killed 27 000 |
| Ministry of Information: Censorship | -Aim was to stop information from getting out that could demoralise the British or encourage the Germans -Censors told Newspapers and Magazines what information and pictures they could and couldn't print -Censored letters coming into and going out of the country |
| Ministry of information: Propaganda | -MOI was impressed by Nazi propaganda and so quickly built a large team of workers to produce leaflets and posters -How to films showed people how to move safely in a blackout or dig a vegetable plot -Patriotic short films or newsreels like "Britain can take it" -Cinemas and MOI vans touring the country showed these films -Made sure feature films encouraged patriotic feelings |
| Rationing | -Before the war imported 55 m tonnes of food a year, 70% of food bought -Started planning food control in 1936 scared that Germans would sink British ships -By January 1940 had sunk over 100 British ships -8th January 1940 rationing introduced -Things like butter rationed by weight -Things like dried and tinned goods rationed on a point basis -And government control of foods like milk and orange juice where babies, pregnant women or the sick were given priority -Encouraged people to grow their own vegetables and keep chickens and rabbits -Local parks turned into allotments to grow crops, ven the tower moat was dug and planted -People joined pig clubs where they shared the cost of raising a pig and then split it -Ministry broadcasted recipes to get rid of the mundane -People swapped food and shopkeepers favoured regular customers -Black market thrived despite punishment |
| Working Women: The Need | -Large number of men taken into the armed services -At first, unemployed men took their places -Reformed Women's Land Army in July 1939 -By March 1940 30 000 men had left farming for the army and 15 000 for war work -Women were needed for all types of war work |
| Working Women: Heavy Industry | -Women also worked in engineering firms, iron foundries and factories -Scared of large machinery at first -Often supervised by men -Once they got used to it many women enjoyed it -Those who did well were respected -Some men never changed their minds that women shouldn't work |
| Working Women: Conscription | -8th December 1941 conscription was introduced for all unmarried women aged 20 - 30 -As the war went on, older single and married women became conscripted -Women could chose to join the civil defence or industry -By 1943 100 000 women working on the railways, doing everything from selling tickets to driving the trains |
| Working Women: In the Services | -Women had their own sections in the armed forces -ATS (army), WAAF (air force) and WRNS (navy) -At first their work was primarily cooking and cleaning or office work (war created a lot of paper work) -Women couldn't go into battle, but they manned anti aircraft posts worked as radio operators, as motorbike messengers, even spies |
| Working Women: After the War | -Millions of men and women were discharged and needed to find civilian jobs -Women who had been 'minding' jobs had to give them up -Women had had a taste of independence and the freedom that comes with it -Despite attitudes about women working did change during the war, it was seen as more important to find the men work -1931-1951 5% increase of women in the workforce, but 5% increase of the total workforce -Women as a percentage of the workforce was 30% in 1931 and 1951 -Women in the workforce as a percentage of all women of working age was 34% in 1931 but 33% in 1951 |
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