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Context and inference
- Deixis
- The phenomenon whereby the reference of certain
expressions cannot be determined without knowing to
the extralinguistic context of the utterance.
- The phenomenon whereby the reference of certain
expressions cannot be determined without knowing to
the extralinguistic context of the utterance.
- SPATIAL DEIXIS
- Every language carries an
implicit division of the space
around the current speaker
- Every language carries an
implicit division of the space
around the current speaker
- EXTENSIONS OF SPATIAL DEIXIS
- Systems of spatial deixis are also used
in other domains
- Textual deixis - metaphoric deixis in texts, often
borrowing spatial/temporal deictic words
- Systems of spatial deixis are also used
in other domains
- PERSON DEIXIS
- A further deictic system grammaticalized the roles of
participants (the current speaker, addressee and others).
- A further deictic system grammaticalized the roles of
participants (the current speaker, addressee and others).
- GRAMATICALIZATION OF CONTEXT
- Languages vary in the type of semantic information
that is obligatory included in deictic
terms=grammaticalized
- Languages vary in the type of semantic information
that is obligatory included in deictic
terms=grammaticalized
- SOCIAL DEIXIS
- Social deixis: French tu/vous, German du/Sie, Middle English
thou/ye); metaphorical proximity/distance on a social hierarchy
(age, power, class) or in terms of familiarity/solidarity.
- Deictic because choice of forms depends
on speaker.
- Social deixis: French tu/vous, German du/Sie, Middle English
thou/ye); metaphorical proximity/distance on a social hierarchy
(age, power, class) or in terms of familiarity/solidarity.
- Information Structure
- The most universally grammaticalized distinction is
the basic one between the information which the
speakers assume the hearers already know.
- The most universally grammaticalized distinction is
the basic one between the information which the
speakers assume the hearers already know.
- Knowledge as a Context
- The choice of words reveals that the person thinks the hearer
identifies both the baby and the canary are involved
- The choice of words reveals that the person thinks the hearer
identifies both the baby and the canary are involved
- Reference and Context
- Speakers calculate how much information the hearer
needs to make a successful reference
- Speakers calculate how much information the hearer
needs to make a successful reference
- RELEVANCE THEORY
- Ostensive communication
- Describes a situation where there is interaction: the communicator
wants to signal something and create a mutual environment of
communication and this intention is recognized by her hearers.
- Describes a situation where there is interaction: the communicator
wants to signal something and create a mutual environment of
communication and this intention is recognized by her hearers.
- Ostensive communication
- LITERAL LANGUAGE THEORY
- In this theory the principle is often viewed as the engine wich
drives the interpretetion of non-literal utterances.
- In this theory the principle is often viewed as the engine wich
drives the interpretetion of non-literal utterances.
- Coreference
- A referential relation between expressions
where they both refer to the same entity.
- A referential relation between expressions
where they both refer to the same entity.
- Conversational impliccature
- Is a kind of tacit agreement by speakers and listeners to
cooperate in communication
- Is a kind of tacit agreement by speakers and listeners to
cooperate in communication
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