*Analyses human actions and social situations
*Uses an exploratory approach *Explains what
happens in the classroom *Interprets classroom
events *Uses direct simple language vs.
technical language
Kemmist &
McTaggart
Carried by teachers
Collaborative
Aimed at changing
things
Cohen &
Manon
Situational
Solution of
problems
Specific context
PHASES
*Plan of
action
*Act
*Observe
*Reflect
MODELS
Cohen &
Manon
-Identification, evaluation and
formulation of the problem
-Preliminary discussion and
negotiation -Review of reseach
literature -Formulation of hypothesis
-Research procedures, resources,
materials, methods -Evaluation
process -Data collection and analysis,
monitoring and feedback
-Interpretation of data, overall
evaluation
Nunan
1. Initiated by teacher (real problem)
2. Real objective data is collected 3.
Results are disseminated 4. Ongoing
cycle / reflection
WHY DO ACTION RESEARCH?
To learn about learners
To reflect and analyze
our teaching
To monitor and evaluate
innovation
CRITICISMS
Lack of
Reliability
Validity or
Replicability
Unable to
provide facts
DATA COLLECTION
Approaches
Data first
Theory first
Instruments
Interviews
Open
Semi-open
Structured
Semi-structured
Questionnaires
Open Semi-open
Structured
Semi-structured
Liket scale
Semantic
differentials
Case studies
Advantages
*Based on
reality
*Generalizable
*Multiplicity of
viewpoints
*Data bank
materials
*Insights can be
put into practice
at once *Very
accesible