ENLIGHTMENT

Annotations:

• The emergence of reason and scientific method were use as tools to understand the world and make a progress.

Annotations:

• He was a defender of free thought and religious tolerance. He criticized absolutism and superstition. 

Annotations:

• He had the idea of separating the powers in the government, legislative, executive and judicial. His main work was the spirit of the laws, published in 1748.

Annotations:

• He believed in equality among all people. In the social contract he tried to explain the union of individual liberty with the authority of government.

Annotations:

• Enlightment supported the birth of new economic policies, the way to enrich a nation is enriching its individuals.

1. CHANGE THOUGHTS

   Annotations:

   • The possibility of both material and moral progress of societies based on scientific discoveries. Knowledge could improve the lives of people in societies.

1. ENLIGHTMENT DESPOTISM

   Annotations:

   • It tried to reconcile absolutism with progressive ideas. Monarch wanted to achieve progress and happiness for their subjects. For example, they built hospitals and helped with agriculture protecting it. 

Annotations:

• It was the political situation before the French Revolution. 

1. PRIVILEGED CLASSES

   Annotations:

   • They didn´t work and they didn´t pay taxes directly. They had their laws and some honours.
2. UNPRIVILEGED

   Annotations:

   • They didn´t have any privileges and they had to pay taxes and work.

1. CHARLES II

   Annotations:

   • After the death of king Philip IV, the Spanish throne passed to Charles II, who had genetic diseases that put in risk the possibility to have inheritor after him.
   1. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

      Annotations:

      • The king of France, Louis XIV of Bourbon and the emperor of holy roman empire, Leopold I Habsburg (Austrian branch). They were married with the sisters of Charles II. The king of French expected to receive the crown for his grandson, Philip duke of Anjou and the emperor of the holy roman empire expected to receive the crown for his son, Charles III, archduke of Austria.
      1. BOURBONS

         Annotations:

         • Charle II died without heirs and this put an end to the reign of the house of Austria. The king appointed Philip of Anjou as his successor, who acceded to the throne as Philip V .

1. PHYSIOCRACY

   Annotations:

   • François Quesnay believed that the wealth of a nation was based on land, due to items and food were from agriculture and mining. He also defended economic freedom.
2. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

   Annotations:

   • Adam Smith said in his work, The Wealth of Nations, that individual work, is the true source of wealth.