Early 17th century: First English settlers arrived
to the east coast of North America
By mid-18th century: Thirteen Colonies had been
formed.
Britain wanted American raw materials
British Crown was an obstacle for
American economic development
People from the Colonies stopped paying the taxes the British
Crown had imposed them, and also stopped buying British
products as protest.
Tea Act passed in
1773
American traders opposed to this, and attacked
British ships full of Tea at Boston (Boston Tea
Party)
1776: Thomas Jefferson signed the Virginia Declaration of
Rights, which contained principles of national soverignity,
separation of powers and suffrage.
4th of July 1776: Declaration of Independence
signed.
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
(1775-1783)
American colonies were supported by
Spain and France, and led by George
Washington.
United States were recognised as an
independent nation in the Treaty of Versailles
(1783)
First constitution of United States
signed (1787), which established
national sovereignity and separation of
powers.
Members of the Legislative power were
chosen in elections, where only white
males could vote. Executive power was
held by independent judges.
George Washington became
the first president of the
United States (1789)
OUTBREAK OF THE FRENCH
RVEOLUTION (1789-1792)
FAILURES OF
THE OLD REGIME
They were the origins of
the Revolution
Social unrest
The Third State stopped paying taxes to
protest
Wealthy bourgeoisie frustrated by their lack of
political power
Economy
A tax crisis
appeared
Prices rose because of bad
harvests
More hunger and social unrest
appeared
Enlightenment
It made people question royal authority,
which was seen as unfair and inefficient
RISE OF THE
THIRD STATE
Louis XVI tried to impose financial reforms,
which were opposed by many of the estates
King called the Estates-General (1789) so that people from
every estate could present their problems in the Lists of
Grievances.
National assembly, formed by the Third Estate,
considered themselves as the only true
representatives of the French.
They took the Tennis Court Oath until France had a constitution, and they
became known as the National Constituent Assembly.
END OF THE OLD
REGIME (1789-1791)
By August 1789, the opposition to the Old
Regime had become more radical
Paris people attacked the Bastille fortress, a symbol
of absolutism.
The Great Fear started in rural areas,
where peasants atacked nobles'
castles.
National Constituent Assembly established
some measures that ended the Old Regime
Feudal rights abolished.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen ssupported personal liberty, right of
property and equality before the law.
France's first constitution was
signed in 1791, and ended
absolutism
Constitutional monarchy established
OPPOSITION TO THE
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
(1791-1792)
Legislative assembly formed in 1791
It didn't last more than a year because of lack of support
Nobles and clergy opposed to the
Constitutional Monarchy, and didn't want
to lose their privileges
They emigrated and conspired
against the Revolution
Radical revolutionaires thought the
Revolution hadn't gone far enough
Supported by Sans-culottes
Other European countries felt
threatened by Revolutionary
ideas.
Prussia and Austria declared war on France (1792)
Many defeats, king was blamed.
Insurrection (1792): Tuileries palace
was attacked, and the royal family
was taken prisoner.
THE FIRST FRENCH
REPUBLIC (1791-1799)
BIRTH OF THE FRENCH
REPUBLIC (1792-1793)
After Insurrection, a National Convention
governed France, and France became a Republic
Girondins controlled the assembly
Louis XVI condemned and executed by
gullotine in 1793
Not good reactions, First Coalition formed
THE REIGN OF TERROR
(1793-1794)
Radical revolutionaires (Jacobins) tried to seize
power from the Girondins with the support of the
Sans-culottes
Robespierre, the Jacobin
leader established a
dictatorship
There was a period of violent
repression
Georges Danton and Robespierre
established the Committee of Public Safety,
which judged people suspected of
conspiring against the Revolution
Many people were sentenced to death by guillotine
Robespierre imposed maximum prices
for basic products and reduced
salaries in order to cease the crisis
Conflict with Sans-Culottes
Robespierre lost support and was arrested
alongside his followers, and was executed in
1794
THE DIRECTORY (1795-1799)
New constitution established (1795)
Suffrage was limited and based on property
ownership
There was not much support, many
problems appeared.
Radicals conspired against the government
Conspirancy of Equals: plot to overthrow the government and
establish an egalitarian society
Royalists tried to recover the Bourbon Dynasty
Napoleon conquered many parts of Europe
France's enemies formed the Second Coalition
Napoleon did a coup d'état (1799), created a consulate and
became the ruler of France
EUROPE UNDER
NAPOLEON
REFORMS UNDER
NAPOLEON
He became the first
consul, and the Consul
for Life.
Napoleonic Code
Legal code, prohibited
certain privileges,
allowed freedom of
religion and simplified
previous reforms
The Concordat
Maintained state control
over Church, established
that confiscated Church
lands couldn't be returned
and made clergy able to
resume religious worships
NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Napoleon declared himself Emperor of
the French in 1804
France was constantly at war with other countries
Defeated by the British at the Battle
of Trafalgar (1805)
He conquered many parts of Europe and had notable
victories.
As Britain was France's main enemy, Napoleon established the
Continental Blockade, which was an attempt to stop British trade in
Europe
The Portuguese didn't like this,
so Napoleon invaded Portugal
He also occupied Spain, which led to
the Spanish War of Independence
(1808)
He tried to invade Russia but was unsuccessful,
and lost many of his people (1812)
He was defeated in the Battle of Leizpig (1813) by the Coalition
(Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia)
He was also defeated in Spain the same
year
Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and went into exile.
He returned to power for a hundred
days, but was defeated at Waterloo
(1815)
He was finally deported to Saint
Helena, where he died in 1821