The Age of Revolution

Annotations:

• Pepople start to think as a nation and many nationalists wanted political boundaries.  

1. Nation state

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   • have a different influenced in political history of Europe 
   1. Disingtegration of the states

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      • Some think that they were undr foreign rule so they independece.
   2. Unification of states

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      • Others like Italy and Germany divided, but the in the 19th they were new nation states.

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• sdsaas

1. 1860-1861

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   • The red shirts took control of Naples and Sicily. Vittorio Emanuele II became the king of Italy 
2. 1866

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   • Italy supported Prussia in the war with Austria
3. 1859
4. 1870

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   • Piedmontese occupied Rome, which became the capital of Italy

1. The birth of the French Republic(1792-1793)

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   • Louis XVI was judged and condemed for treason and was beheaded.
   1. National convention

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      • Elected by adult males.
      1. Abolished the monarchy

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         • France became a republic
      2. The girondins controlled it.
   2. The First Coalition

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      • Formed by GB,the dutch republicand other french fighting countries.
   3. Royalist and catholic uprising in Vendée (1793-1796)
2. The Reign of Terror(1793-1794)

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   • Last till Robespierre lost power and support.In 1794 he was executed by guilotine.
   1. The Jacobins supported by the sans-cullotes seized power

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      • Robespirre, the Jacobins leader assumed all powers, and establish a dictatorship.
   2. The Committee of Public Safety

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      • Judge people that were opposing the revolutionaries or republic ideas, were sentenced to the guillotine.
   3. New laws

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      • Fixation of a maimum prices for stapples ,limited the salaries and pass a new calendar.
3. The Directory(1795-1799)

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   • New Constitution , limited the suffrage based on properties.The government was held by 5 member and the legislative by 2 chambers.
   1. Challenges
      1. Conspiration of the Equals

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         • Conspired by the radicals , they want to overthrown the goverment and form an egalitarian society
      2. Royalist revolts

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         • Led counter-revolutionary actives to restore the Bourbon dinasty.
      3. War agaisnt France

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         • France won several battles, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered the north part of Italy.
         1. The Second Coalition

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            • Formed by the french enemies reconquered their occupied territories.
   2. Coup d'état

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      • Napoleon carried it , and a Consulate was formed , it authority was supposed to be shared by three consuls but Napolen was the real ruler. 

1. Reforms under Napoleon

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   • Napoleon was first made First Consul and later Consul for life.
   1. Napoleonic Code

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      • Prohibited certain priviledges,allowed freedom of religion and simplified the laws.
   2. The Concordat

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      • Maintain the control over the Church, and confiscated lands were not give back.
2. The Napoleonic Empire

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   • In 1804 Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor of the French.
   1. Marine defeat

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      • Napoleon was defeated at the battle of Trafalgar
   2. Won in the battle of Austerlist and Jena
   3. Continental Blockade

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      • All accepted except Portugal, this is why Napoleon invaded Portugal and occupied Spain.
   4. Defeated in the invassion of Russia
      1. A coalition defeated him in the Battleof Leipzig
   5. Exiled in Elba ,but returned to power for 100 days
      1. Defeated in Waterloo

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         • Exiled to Saint Helena and died there.

1. Opposition to the constitutional monarchy(1791-1792)

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   • Lasted for less than a year, and didn't attracted much support
   1. Privileged class opposition

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      • Did not  want to give up their privileges, they emigrated to other countries and conspired against the revolution 
   2. Revolution Radicalisation

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      • The radicals believed that reforms did not go as expected, they were supported by the "sans-culottes"
   3. War against France(1792)

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      • The European monarchs declared war on France .France was defeated.
   4. Insurrection

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      • The royal family was blamed and captured.
2. The end of the Old Regime(1789-1791)

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   • The opposition of the Old Regime radicalize.
   1. The take of the Bastille

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      • The Parisians attacked  the Bastille 
   2. The Great Fear

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      • The peasants attacked nobles castles in rural areas.
   3. National Constituent Assembly
      1. The abolishment of the feudal rights

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         • Included the tithe.
      2. The Declaration of the Rigths of Man and of the Citizen

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         • It's supports the personal liberty and equality and the rigths of property.
      3. The first constitution
         1. Constitutional Monarchy

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            • Separation of power, universal male suffrage with a minimun.
3. The rise of the Third Estate

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   • Louis XVI attempts to reform , but were inefective.
   1. 1787 Assembly of Notables

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      • Noblemen and ecclesiastics ,reforms were rejected.
      1. 1789 May,Estates-General

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         • List of Grievances : were a list of problems.
         1. In June The representatives of the Third State formed a National Assembly

            Annotations:

            • They considered themselves as the legitimate representatives of France.Took the Tennis Court Oath.
            1. Later name National Constituent Assembly
4. Old Regime failures
   1. Social unrest

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      • The third estate were resentful becauase the priviledge class did not pay taxes.The bourgeoisie want political power
      1. Economical crisis

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         • Overspend in the American war, high court expenditures and bad harvest.
         1. The Enlightenment

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            • People question the royal authority.

1. The Conservative Order
   1. From 1815 , Europeans powers tried to create a new Conservative Order
      1. Characteristics of the new Conservative Order
         1. Monarchy

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            • One monarch for each country. The monarchs of the Old Regime returned to power
         2. Internationalism

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            • If a legitamate monarchy was in danger , the great powers could intervene.
         3. Congress

            Annotations:

            • They thought that a good way to prevent problems was to got in touch.
2. The Congress of Vienna(1814-1815)
   1. The great Europeans powers met here

      Annotations:

      • The Austrian Foreign Minister Prince Metternich was hugely important to guarantee lasting peace.
      1. France had the same territory it had before revolution
      2. States were reinforced around France as a way to prevent future revoutions
      3. There were territorial gains for Austria, Prussia and Russia
      4. The Holy Aliance

         Annotations:

         • It was form of Prussia , Russia , and Austria to combat liberalism and revolution. Then , Britain and France joined

1. The Revolutions of 1820 and 1830
   1. Spain
   2. Greece
   3. France
   4. Belgium
   5. Poland
2. The challenge to the Conservative Order
   1. Liberalism
      1. French Revolution proved that was possible to end royal absolutism
      2. Powers of monarch needed to be restricted
   2. National Movements
      1. Grew in many parts of Europe in response to Napoleonic invasion
      2. Ruled over many different peoples
3. The Revolutions of 1848
   1. Monarchy of King Louis Phillipe
      1. Was conservative and corrupt
   2. Second French Republic
      1. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
   3. Germany
      1. Demonstrations in cities
   4. Habsburg Empire
      1. National movement fought for independence

1. The origins of Independence
   1. 18th century , the Thirteen Colonies

      Annotations:

      • North:Agriculture and trade South:Tobacco and cotton plantations with black slaves workforce. 
   2. Britanic trade monopoly.

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      • Britain was only interest on raw materials, not on developing industries there.
      1. No representation in the English parliament
   3. 1764-1766 Britain impose new taxes on them

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      • The colonies refused in buying english products.
      1. 1773 Tea Act , Colonies respond with Boston Tea Party

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         • Taxes on tea, the colonies attack and throw away to the sea.
2. 1775 ,The American Revoluionary War
   1. 1776 ,Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights

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      • 4th July 1776. Signed the Declaration of Independence  of the USA
      1. American War of Independence(1775-1783)

         Annotations:

         • American colonies,led by George Washington,  with support of  Spain, France won Britain.USA  independence was recognised in the Treaty of Versailles in 1783.
         1. United States Constitution was signed 1787

            Annotations:

            • National sovereignty.Separation of powers.White male suffrage.
            1. In 1789 George Washington was elected the first president of USA