The Industrial Revolution

Transport Revolution
1. Advances in Navigation
  1. Construction of canals
    1. The launched of the first steamboat
  2. Built and repair some roads
2. The railway age
  1. Possible because of...
    1. The used of iron to build railways
    2. The used of Steam engines
      1. George Stephenson built a steam-powered locomotive
      2. This avances made cheaper the used of railways
3. Impact
  1. Mainly social and economical
    1. Trade
    2. Specialisation
    3. Mining and metallurgy
    4. Daily life
The Second Industrial Revolution
1. New Energy Sources and industries
  1. Main sources
    1. Electricity
      1. Used to power machinary
    2. Petroleum
      1. Used for the combustion engine
  2. Main industries
    1. Iron and Steel Industry
      1. Improved because of the Bessemer
    2. Chemical Industry
      1. Some materials use to produced others
    3. Electical industriy
2. Companies and banks
  1. Creation of corporations
  2. Some people could became shareholders
  3. The importance of banks led to financial capitalism
3. New systems of production
  1. taylorism
    1. small taks that were timed
  2. assembly line
    1. products go from one worker to another
  3. mass production
    1. Created a mass production of something
  4. Corporate Groups
    1. Cartel
    2. Holding company
    3. Trust
The labour movement
1. Early labour movements
  1. Luddism
    1. New technologies made people lose jobs and in response, they destroyed machines
  2. Chartism
    1. Presentation of People´s Charter to the British Parliament (Universal suffrage and labour rights)
  3. Trade unions
    1. Mutual aid societies
    2. After 1824, the first trade unions appeared, They demanded: better salaries, shorter work days....
2. Marxism
  1. Communist Manifesto
  2. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
  3. Class struggle, revolution started by a proletarian dictatorship
  4. Development of socialist parties
3. The workers' internationals
  1. International Workingmen´s Association (IWA)
  2. 1889, Socialist International, International Workers´day
4. Anarchism
  1. Pierre-Joseph Produhon and Mikhail Bakunin
  2. Opposed to any form of state, hope to replace it with voluntary associations
The spread of the Industrial Revolution
1. Belgium
  1. Abundant natural resources, craftmanship, coal mines...
2. Japan under Emperor Meiji
  1. Meiji period ( 1868-1912 )
  2. Textiles and heavy industry
  3. Corporations dominated several industries
  4. Japan became industrialized between 19-20th century
3. Industrialization in the United States
  1. Innovation
  2. Large domestic market
  3. Specialised production
  4. Abundant natural resources
  5. Extensive agricultural production
4. Russia
  1. Heavy industry, foreign investment, state protectionism
5. Germany
  1. Zollverein
  2. Alliance between agrarian nobles and industrial bourgeoisie
  3. Iron and steel
6. France
  1. Not as industrialized as Britain, slow population growth...
7. Sweden
  1. iron industry
Origins
1. What was the industrial Revolution?
  1. Period of profund economic and social changes, caused by the use of machinery in production
  2. Agrarian societies were transformed into urban societies.
  3. 2 stages:
    1. First Industrial Revolution (began around 1760)
    2. Second Industrial Revolution (began around 1870)
2. Demographic Revolution
  1. In late 18th century, there was high population growth; this was because death rate decreased and birth rate continued to be high
    1. Death Rate decreased for several reasons:
      1. Nutrition improved
      2. Personal and public hygiene was widespread
      3. Public health improved
      4. Epidemics caused fewer deaths
3. Agricultural Revolution
  1. Farming Tecniques
    1. Four-field system
    2. New farming machines
    3. Land became private property
    4. Part of the land was used to grow food for llivestock
4. Other factors affecting economic growth
  1. Extensive markets
    1. Britain had a healthy market
      1. Good infrastructure
      2. Absence of domestic tariffs
  2. New mentality
    1. Burgeoisie was more open to investment and business
  3. Abundance of Iron and coal
First Industrial Revolution
1. From Workshop to factory
  1. Until 18th century products were hand-made, but several machines were invented which manufactured products much more quicky.
    1. First, these machines were hidraulic, but with the invention of the steam engine(By James Watt) they became steam-powered
  2. Workshops were replaced by factories
  3. Manufacturing process was based on division of labour; each worker was specialised in a task
2. Textile Industry
  1. Cotton grown in Britain´s colonies provided the country with cheap and abundant raw material
  2. Introduced innovations in spinning and weaving
    1. When machines became steam-powered production expanded; 350,000 people worked on the textile industry
3. Iron Industry
  1. Until 18th century, iron used in England was imported from Sweden
    1. This was very expensive, but it became cheaper when in 1709 Darby invented the blast furnance(to smelt iron using products which came from coal)
      1. In late 18th century, Henry Cort invented a new type of furnance for making large amounts of wrought iron
4. Economic liberalism
  1. Economic liberalism spread widely, it was based on Adam Smith´s theories from his book `The wealth of nations´
    1. According to Smith, economic activity should be govern by the principle of economic freedom(freedom to create companies, hire workers, etc..)
    2. He argued that the state should not intervene in the economy, as it adjusts itself by means of invisible hand(it regulates itself by the law of supply and demand
Effects of Industrialisation
1. Population growth
  1. Population grew quickly and in Europe doubled
    1. Causes
      1. Death rate deacreased due to improvement in food suply and in hygene.
      2. Birth rate increased because economy grew and people got married earlier and had more children
2. An age of migration
  1. Urbanisation: peasants migatred to the cities in search of work.
  2. Industrial Revolution caused farm work to be industrialised
  3. Cities did not have de capacity to keep all the peasants that were migrating so they emigrated to other continents
    1. Transoceanic migration phases:
      1. Up to 1870: most emigrants were British and north european
      2. 1870-1924: many emigrants were Italian, Spanish, Turkish and Greeek.
      3. Most of the emigrants went to America(USA), Canada, Brazil and Argentina.
The class system
1. A new society
  1. Three sociales estates: Upper class, Middle class and Lower class.
    1. They were defined by its wealth
  2. Judicial Equality: men were judged the same and there were few legal barriers
  3. Inequalities
    1. Women inequality
    2. Economic inequality
2. Decline of Aristocracy
  1. In the 19th century, aristrocracy lost power and started to pay taxes and they didnt benefit from the expansion of the business. However they still mantained luxurious lifes as well as the burgueoisie.
3. Emergence of the burgeosie
  1. They became the most powerful class. It was formed by the bankers, industrialists, businessmans, high officials and lawyers. They lived in the city outskirts
  2. Bugueois values
    1. Hard work, savings and enjoying the security of family life
4. Middle class
  1. It was formed of tradesmen, shopkeepers, artisans, teachers...
  2. They also had the Burgueois values
  3. They went to cafes, casinos and social clubs when they had free time
5. Lower class
  1. Peasants: Some owned lands, other were day labourers and earned low wages. Peasants were still serfs.
  2. The proletariat: workers who worked for a small salary. Their children left school at young age to help the family and they couldnt change their position in society.
  3. House servants:They earned little salaries and lived in the attic of the house where they worked in. They worked a lot and had little rest.

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