Plants: Uses, Form, and Function

Plants As A Bioresource
1. Photosunthesis
  1. Glucose: 1) C=O bond breaks 2) C5 loses H and bonds with O instead 3) Broken H bonds with C1
Transportation
1. Glucose Fructose Galactose
  1. There are 2 types of Glucose - Alpha and Beta
    1. They are isomers / the same composition but different arrangement of structure (properties & functions may differ)
      1. The difference is that once it form a ring in the A the C1 OH will point down in the B in will be up.
2. General formula = (CH^2O)n
3. Sweet tasting, soluble substances.
Plant Body
1. Formed when 2 monosaccharides react e.g A Glucose + A Glucose = Maltose
  1. Sucrose Maltose Lactose
    1. Using water we can 'undo' the glycosidic bond and separate the sugar into 2 monosaccharides (hydrolisis)
    2. Reducing sugars
    3. Sucrose = glucose & fructose ( 1,4 glycosidic bond)
  2. The C1 OH & C4 HO react to form H20 and a C-0-C bond (glycosidic bond)
    1. Called 'condensation reaction'
Dicots
1. Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide to sample.
  1. If it turns black-blue there's starch in it.
    1. If it stays orange there is no starch.
Monocots
1. Glycogen: Animal version of Amylopectin
  1. Difference: branch every 6/7 glucose molecule (instead of 20) very compact
    1. Energy store in animal livers
    2. Animals more active - need more energy in shorter amount of time
Reproduction
1. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants
2. Alternation of Generations
3. Sexual Reproduction In Seed Plants
  1. Sexual Reproduction In Angiosperms
    1. Compact/ insoluble/ Has no osmotic effect / easily broken down by enzymes when required.
      1. 1)Can be stored in smaller spaces
      2. 2)Can be stored in water cells without being used up
      3. 3)No net movement of water as a cause of starch storage - no cells bursting
      4. 4)So plant can quickly respond to changes in glucose levels
    2. Amylose - Simplest form of starch (30%)
      1. 1000's of A-glucose in a straight chain (very tight coils) / insoluble- enzymes only 'nibble' at its ends
    3. Amylopectin (70%)
      1. Every 20 or so = branch of a glucose molecule bonded by a condensation reaction.
        More ends to 'nibble' from = quicker reaction than amylose when there's a glucose deficit
  2. Cellulose: B-glucose molecules linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
4. Asexual Reproduction
  1. Every other glucose is upside down (alternating pattern)
    1. Rigid, straight and compact structure
      1. many of These end up forming microfibrils of cellulose
        bonded together by hydrogen bonds of adjacent cellulose chains
        H-H bonds are weak but in the masses are quite strong
Plant Organs
1. Triose= carb with 3 carbons
  1. E.g. Glyceraldehyde
    1. C3H6O3
2. Tetrose = carb with 4 carbons
3. Pentose = 5 carbons
  1. E.g. Ribose
    1. C5H11O5
Succession
1. Heat new sample with HCL then neutralise with NaHCO3
  1. Heat with Benedict's reagent
    1. Goes green , yellow, orange, red or brown
      1. Non-reducing sugars present
    2. Stays blue
      1. No non-reducing sugars present
Responses To External Stimuli
1. Heat sample with benedict's reagent
  1. stays blue
    1. No reducing sugars present
  2. goes green, yellow, orange, red or brown
    1. Reducing sugars present
Plant Hormones
1. Stimulatory Hormones
  1. Cytokinins
  2. Gibberellins
  3. Auxins
2. Inhibitory Hormones
  1. Ethylene
  2. Abscisic Acid
Plant Cells
1. Sclerenchyma Cells
2. Parenchyma Cells
3. Collenchyma Cells
Plant Tissues
1. Meristematic
2. Dermal
3. Ground
4. Vascular

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Plants: Uses, Form, and Function

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	Created by Julia Romanów over 9 years ago

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