Faisal with fever and respiratory distress

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Mind Map on Faisal with fever and respiratory distress, created by amna mohd on 28/10/2017.
amna mohd
Mind Map by amna mohd, updated more than 1 year ago
amna mohd
Created by amna mohd about 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Faisal with fever and respiratory distress
  1. Anatomy of the pleura
    1. What is pleura?
      1. Pulmonary Ligament
        1. Pleural cavity
          1. Serous layers
            1. Parietal layer
              1. Layer of the pleura that lines chest wall & covers the mediastinum.
                1. Forms the pulmonary ligament.
                  1. Supplied by branches of the internal thoracic, superior phrenic, posterior intercostal, and superior intercostal arteries
                    1. Insenstive to pain, but sensitive to stretch
                    2. Visceral layers
                      1. Inner layer of the pleura that covers the lung & lines its fissures.
                        1. Supplied by the bronchial arteries
                          1. Very sensitive to pain.
                            1. Neurovascular Supply
                            2. Physical Examination
                              1. Inspection
                                1. ill-looking
                                  1. SOB
                                    1. Diaphoresis
                                      1. Chills/rigors
                                        1. Respiratory distress
                                          1. Cough
                                          2. Palpation
                                            1. Decreased chest expansion or asymetry
                                              1. Lymphadenopathy
                                                1. Tactile fremitus
                                                2. Percussion
                                                  1. Dull
                                                    1. Decreased diaphragmatic excursion auscultation
                                                      1. Bronchial breath sounds in periphery
                                                        1. Decreased air entry
                                                          1. Crepitations
                                                            1. Bronchophony -voice heard abnormally clearly over consolidated lung
                                                              1. Egaphony - listen to patient's chest as they make "e" sound, if +'ve will hear an "a" sound
                                                                1. Whispering pectoriloquay - pt whispers "1, 2, 3, 4", if clear then extreme consolidation
                                                                  1. Pleural friction rub
                                                                    1. AKA pleuritis => inflammation of the pleura with exudate formation
                                                                      1. It’s a symptom rather than a disease it self
                                                                      2. Lack of breath sounds in a certain area of the chest, which may mean that air is not entering an area of the lung.
                                                                      3. Breathing sounds
                                                                          1. Abnormal Breathing sounds
                                                                          2. Auscultations
                                                                          3. Lab investigations
                                                                            1. Differential diagnosis of fever
                                                                              1. Common cold
                                                                                1. Pharyngitis
                                                                                  1. TB
                                                                                    1. Lung abscess
                                                                                      1. Bronchitis
                                                                                        1. Acute sinusitis
                                                                                          1. Influenza flue
                                                                                            1. Epiglottitis
                                                                                              1. Cryptoco-ccosis
                                                                                                1. Cancer
                                                                                                  1. Whooping cough (pertussis)
                                                                                                  2. X- ray findings
                                                                                                    1. Sputum culture
                                                                                                      1. Thick mucus or phlegm that is expelled from the lower respiratory tract through coughing
                                                                                                        1. Bacterial sputum cultures detect the presence of disease-causing bacteria
                                                                                                          1. What Abnormal Results Mean ?
                                                                                                            1. Bronchitis
                                                                                                              1. Lung abscess
                                                                                                                1. Pneumonia
                                                                                                                  1. What is it?
                                                                                                                    1. An infection in one or both lungs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type in adults. Pneumonia causes inflammation in the air sacs in your lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.
                                                                                                                    2. Epidemiology
                                                                                                                      1. Etiology
                                                                                                                        1. Risk factors
                                                                                                                          1. In terms of age
                                                                                                                            1. Children who are 2 years old or younger
                                                                                                                              1. People who are age 65 or older
                                                                                                                              2. Others
                                                                                                                                1. Being hospitalized
                                                                                                                                  1. Chronic disease.
                                                                                                                                    1. Smoking.
                                                                                                                                      1. Weakened or suppressed immune system
                                                                                                                                    2. Classification
                                                                                                                                        1. Location acquired
                                                                                                                                          1. By area of Lung affected
                                                                                                                                            1. lobar pneumonia
                                                                                                                                              1. Only involves a single lobe
                                                                                                                                                1. Often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
                                                                                                                                                  1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                    1. X-ray
                                                                                                                                                      1. Grossly
                                                                                                                                                        1. Microscopically
                                                                                                                                                      2. Multilobar pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                        1. Involves more than one lobe
                                                                                                                                                          1. Often causes a more severe illness
                                                                                                                                                          2. Bronchial pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                            1. Affects the lungs in patches around bronchi or bronchioles
                                                                                                                                                              1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                1. X-ray
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Grossly
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Microscopically
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Interstitial pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Involves the areas in between the alveoli
                                                                                                                                                                      1. It may be called "interstitial pneumonitis."
                                                                                                                                                                        1. More likely to be caused by viruses or by atypical bacteria.
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                            1. X-ray
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Grossly
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microscopically
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Etiological agents for each
                                                                                                                                                                                2. By cause
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Eosinophilic pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aspiration pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dust pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Necrotizing pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Opportunistic pneumonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Double pneumonia (bilateral pneumonia)
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Signs & Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dry cough
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chills
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fever
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Headache
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Muscle aches
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sore throat
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weakness
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nasal congestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sweating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Abscess formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Empyema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fibrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacteremic dissemination…meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ampicillin - Irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase, which is needed by bacteria to make the cell wall. It inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tuberculosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flare up of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Blood culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Culture is positive for one of the following organisms:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Streptococci (non-viridans)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anaerobic cocci
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aerobic and facultative gram-negative rods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anaerobic gram-negative rods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Yeast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Negative growth does not rule out infection.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Complete blood count
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. White blood cells, which fight infection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hematocrit, the proportion of red blood cells to the fluid component, or plasma, in your blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Platelets, which help with blood clott
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