It needs a
high amount
of heat energy
to heat the
water by a
small
amount
Aquatic
habitats are
thermally
stable, so
aquatic
organisms do
not have to
endure
extremes of
temperature
High latent
heat of
vaporisation
A great deal of
heat energy is
needed to
convert it from
a liquid to a
vapour
It allows the
body to cool
by taking
heat energy to
turn the
water to
vapour
High surface
tension
The water molecules attract
one another due to the water
being polar. O bonds to H
and they "stick" together, and
it takes a lot of energy to
break these bonds
Some
organisms
can walk on
water. Water
can form
droplets and
run off a
ducks back
Colourless
with a high
transmission
It allows light to
pass through so
aquatic plants can
photosynthesise
Polar
Makes it a
good solvent
Dissolves
polar
Molecules
and ions
Reactive-
metabolite
(made) in
condensation
reactions
Lipids do not dissolve in
water because they are non
polar so do not bond or
share electrons
Hydrogen bonds form
between O and H
molecules, due to a
small dipole +
cheatgrass on H and a
small dipole - charge on
O
Ice is less
dense than
water
Ice floats- important for
animals who live on ice
as their habitats would
not exist of ice sank
Water freezes from the
top downwards, so ice on
top provides a layer
between cold air and
water, so fish deep in the
water stay warmer for
longer
Waters
maximum
density of
1g/cm3 is at
4 degrees C
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Isomers-
same
molecular
formula but
a different
structural
formula
(CH2O)n
where n=
no. of
carbons
Glyceraldehyde
Triose
C3H6O3
Intermediate (helps) in
respiration Involved in
energy release
Ribose
Part of the
RNA or ATP
nucleotide
C5H10O5
Deoxyribose
Part of the
DNA
nucleotide
Deoxy- one
less oxygen
C5H10O4
Glucose
Start molecule
for respiration
Transport sugar
in animals
C6H12O6
Galactose
Component in
lactose (milk
sugar)
C6H12O6
Fructose
Sugar in fruit
and
intermediate
in (helps in)
respiration
C6H12O6
Disaccharides
Maltose
C12H22O11
Glycosidic Bond 1-4
Breakdown
product of
starch
digestion
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
Sucrose
Non-reducing
alpha glucose + beta fructose
C12H22O11
Glycosidic bond 1-2
Transport in
plants
Lactose
C12H22O11
beta glucose + beta galactose
Glycosidic bond 1-4
Milk sugar
Polysaccharides
Starch
Compact to
store large
amounts of
glucose in a
small space
Large- insoluble in
water- does not
affect water
potential of cells
used for storage
Plant
storage
Lots of alpha glucose
Branched- more ends-
faster energy release
Amylose- helix
shape, 1-4
glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin-
branced, 1-4
glcosidic bonds
with 1-6 glycosidic
bonds branching
off
Glycogen
Lots of alpha glucose units
Storage carb in
animals
Similar
structure to
amylopectin but
more branched
because of more
1-6 bonds
easily hydrolysed- split into
alpha glucose monomers
which are soluble so can be
easily transported to where
energy is needed.
Large and
insoluble- does
not affect water
potential of
storage cells
Cellulose
main component
of plant cell walls
made from beat glucose-
straight chain
alternate
monomers
flipped 180
degrees- OH-
groups stick out
on both sides so
form hydrogen
bonds with
other chains
hydrogen
bonds
make it
strong-
prevents
osmotic
lysis in
plant cells.
Chitin
made from
beta glucose
with 1-4 bonds
similar structure
to cellulose but
has a nitrogen
amino acid
instead of OH in
glucose units