Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia

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AS level Psychology (Schizophrenia) Mind Map on Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia, created by Grace Fawcitt on 09/11/2017.
Grace Fawcitt
Mind Map by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago
Grace Fawcitt
Created by Grace Fawcitt about 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia
  1. Genetic Basis
    1. Runs in families
      1. Concordance rates
        1. Gottesman
          1. 48% MZ twins
            1. 100% shared genes
            2. 17% DZ twins
              1. 6% siblings
                1. 1% general population
              2. Candidate genes
                1. Ripke et al 2014
                  1. 108 separate variations
                    1. Some coded for dopamine
                2. Polygenic
                  1. Multiple genes involved in onset of schizophrenia
                  2. Discussion
                    1. - Twin studies seen as weak as MZ twins also share their environment e.g. wear same clothes, treated same by parents
                      1. This is an issue as it indicates that schizophrenia may not have a solely genetic basis
                        1. Confounding variable
                        2. - The problem with having so many candidate genes is one cause cannot be identified, meaning an effective treatment is very difficult to create
                          1. Evidence suggests genes do play a role in the onset of schizophrenia, but are not the sole cause
                        3. Dopamine hypothesis
                          1. Hyperdopaminergia
                            1. Sub cortex
                              1. Broca's area
                                1. Speech production
                                  1. High level of dopamine receptors
                                    1. High activity levels
                                2. Positive symptoms
                                  1. Auditory hallucinations
                                    1. Disorganised speech
                                  2. Hypodopaminergia
                                    1. Cortex
                                      1. Pre-frontal cortex
                                        1. Planning and decision making
                                          1. Low activity levels
                                        2. Negative symptoms
                                          1. Avolition
                                            1. Social withdrawal
                                          2. Could occur simultaneously, hence the combination of symptoms
                                            1. Discussion
                                              1. Evidence
                                                1. Curran et al. 2004
                                                  1. Dopamine agonists can produce schizophrenic symptoms
                                                    1. Amphetamines
                                                      1. Increase levels of dopamine
                                                        1. Supports hyperdopaminergia
                                                          1. Positive symptoms
                                                        2. Tauscher et al. 2014
                                                          1. Dopamine antagonists can reduce schizophrenic symptoms
                                                            1. Antipsychotics
                                                              1. Reduce dopamine levels in the brain
                                                            2. Ripke et al.
                                                              1. Found that some genes associated with schizophrenia did not code for dopamine, but for glutamate instead
                                                                1. Suggests dopamine is not the sole cause of schizophrenia; other neurotransmitters may also play a role
                                                                  1. Incomplete explanation
                                                          2. Neural correlates
                                                            1. Abnormalities in structure/function of the brain
                                                              1. Negative symptoms
                                                                1. Ventral striatum
                                                                  1. Anticipation of reward
                                                                    1. Low levels of activity
                                                                      1. Jukel et al. 2006
                                                                    2. Positive symptoms
                                                                      1. Superior temporal gyrus
                                                                        1. Temporal lobe
                                                                          1. Sound processing
                                                                          2. Anterior cingulate gyrus
                                                                            1. Behaviour regulation
                                                                            2. Low activity levels were found in patients suffering hallucinations
                                                                              1. Made more errors when identifying pre-recorded speech as theirs
                                                                            3. Discussion
                                                                              1. Unsure if neural correlates are the cause or the effect of schizophrenia
                                                                                1. Use of brain scans
                                                                                  1. Objective and highly controlled
                                                                                  2. Biologically deterministic
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