Nervous System

Annotations:

• Processes and integrates the incoming information of all body parts and coordinates and influences body activities

1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
3. Stimulus
   1. Sensor
      1. Sensory Neurons
         1. CNS
            1. Motor Neurons
               1. Effector Cells
                  1. Reaction
   2. Dendrites
      1. Cell Body
         1. Axon Hillock
            1. Axon
               1. Insulating Sheath
                  1. Saltatory Conduction

                     Annotations:

                     • Conduction of action potentials in an axon with an insulating sheath. Insulating sheath increases the conduction speed of action potentials.
                  2. Continuous Conduction

                     Annotations:

                     • Without an insulating sheath. Low conduction speed compared to the saltatory conduction.
                  3. Synaptic Terminal
                     1. Synapse
                        1. The transmission of information at synapses
                           1. A

                              Annotations:

                              • An electrical impulse (action potential) reaches the synaptic terminal and causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane.
                              1. B

                                 Annotations:

                                 • The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
                                 1. C

                                    Annotations:

                                    • The neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on the target cell (other neurons).
                                    1. D

                                       Annotations:

                                       • This causes an electrical impulse in the dendrite of the target cell.
                                       1. E

                                          Annotations:

                                          • The neurotransmitter is degraded and recycled in the synaptic terminal.
                           2. Neurotoxin
                              1. Black widow spider bite

                                 Annotations:

                                 • It has an effect on the synaptic cleft Effect on the synapse: permanent signal Effects on organism: permanent excitation -> muscle cramps => death
                              2. Botox

                                 Annotations:

                                 • It has an effect on the synaptic cleft. Effects on synapse: blocks the release of neurotransmitters Effects on the organism: -widened pupils -disorder of the eye muscle -cramps of the heart and respiration muscles
                              3. Nicotine

                                 Annotations:

                                 • It has an effect on the receptors but work just like neurotransmitter Effects on the synapse: they can´t recycle and degraded Effects on organism: Increasing blood pressure and pulse
                              4. Toxin of the fly agaric and deadly nightshade

                                 Annotations:

                                 • It has an effect on the receptors but work just like neurotransmitter Effects on the synapse: they can´t recycle and degraded      ->permanent excitation Effects on the organism: -less swaeting and decreasing heartbeat (deadly nightshade)  -more sweating and increasing heartbeat (fly agaric)

1. Voluntary Nervous System (VNS)

   Annotations:

   • Voluntary controls the body
   1. Sensory Nerve Cells
   2. Motor Nerve Cells
2. Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

   Annotations:

   • Is part of the PNS and it unconsciously influences and regulates the internal organs
   1. Sympathetic Nervous System

      Annotations:

      • Responsible for "fight or run" situations. Therefore the body can react quickly
   2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

      Annotations:

      • Responsible for "rest and digest" situations. Therefore the body can rest

1. Cell Body (Soma)
   1. Cell Organelles
      1. Extensions
         1. Axon
            1. Axon Hillock
            2. Insulating Sheath
               1. Synaptic Terminal
                  1. Synapse
         2. Dendrites