11443127
Description
Mind Map by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Grace Fawcitt
about 7 years ago
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Phobias- Psychopathology Revision
- Characteristics
- Behavioural
- Panic
- Crying/screaming
- Freezing
- Crying/screaming
- Avoidance
- Avoiding contact with
phobic stimulus
- Avoiding contact with
phobic stimulus
- Endurance
- Remains in presence of phobic
stimulus with high levels of anxiety
- Remains in presence of phobic
stimulus with high levels of anxiety
- Panic
- Emotional
- Anxiety
- Unpleasant state of high arousal
- Fear is short-term
response, anxiety is
long term
- Unpleasant state of high arousal
- Unreasonable and irrational
- Absolute terror for something
that can't cause any harm
- Absolute terror for something
that can't cause any harm
- Anxiety
- Cognitive
- Selective attention
- Irrational beliefs
- Cognitive distortions
- Seeing phobic stimulus in
an unrealistic way
- E.g. snakes are monsters
- E.g. snakes are monsters
- Seeing phobic stimulus in
an unrealistic way
- Selective attention
- Behavioural
- Explanation
- The two-process model
- Acquisition by classical conditioning
- Associating phobic stimulus
with something that triggers
a fear response
- Watson 1920
- Little Albert
- 1. White rat= NS, No response
- 2. Loud noise= UCS, fear response= UCR
- 3. White rat and loud noise= UCS, fear response= UCR
- 4. White rat= CS, fear response= CR
- 1. White rat= NS, No response
- Little Albert
- Associating phobic stimulus
with something that triggers
a fear response
- Maintenance by operant conditioning
- Negative reinforcement
- Avoidance of phobic stimulus= reduction in fear
- Not a reward, but a preferred situation
- Not a reward, but a preferred situation
- Avoidance of phobic stimulus= reduction in fear
- Negative reinforcement
- Behaviourist approach
- Acquisition by classical conditioning
- Evaluation
- Application to therapy
- Avoidance may not be result
of anxiety reduction
- Positive feelings of safety
- Positive feelings of safety
- Incomplete explanation
- Role of evolutionary factors
- Phobias may be result of innate
predisposition to fear certain things
- The dark would have been
worthy of fear in the past
(predators) even if it no longer is
- The dark would have been
worthy of fear in the past
(predators) even if it no longer is
- Phobias may be result of innate
predisposition to fear certain things
- Role of evolutionary factors
- Not all phobias follow trauma
- Doesn't take cognitions into account
- Application to therapy
- The two-process model
- Treatment
- Flooding
- Immediate exposure to phobic stimulus
- No anxiety hierarchy
- No anxiety hierarchy
- Eventually worn out by fear response
- Relaxed state
- Relaxed state
- Classical conditioning
- Extinction
- Extinction
- Must give fully informed consent
- Evaluation
- Very traumatic
- Often not completed
- Often not completed
- Cost-effective- much quicker than SD
- Less effective for social phobias
- They have cognitive aspects
- They have cognitive aspects
- Very traumatic
- Immediate exposure to phobic stimulus
- Systematic desensitisation
- Anxiety hierarchy
- Gradual increase in level
of anxiety situation causes
- Gradual increase in level
of anxiety situation causes
- Relaxation techniques
- Breathing technqiues
- Breathing technqiues
- Exposure
- Exposed while in a relaxed state
- Work way up hierarchy until totally
relaxed in presence of phobic stimulus
- Exposed while in a relaxed state
- Classical conditioning
- Reciprocal inhibition
- Impossible to be anxious and
relaxed simultaneously
- Impossible to be anxious and
relaxed simultaneously
- Evaluation
- It is effective
- Supporting evidence
- More effective than
relaxation techniques alone
- More effective than
relaxation techniques alone
- Supporting evidence
- Suitable for diverse range of patients
- Alternatives aren't suitable for
people with learning difficulties
- Alternatives aren't suitable for
people with learning difficulties
- Preferred by patients- less unpleasant
- It is effective
- Anxiety hierarchy
- Flooding
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