11495729
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Mind Map by Storm Marsden, updated more than 1 year ago
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The Psychodynamic Approach
- Assumptions
- Behaviour is influenced by different levels of
consciousness and ego defences
- Mind is like an
iceberg, most of it
is hidden
- Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious
- Conscious mind is logical,
unconscious is ruled by
pleasure-seeking
- Conscious mind is logical,
unconscious is ruled by
pleasure-seeking
- Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious
- Conflicts between the tripartie,
causes anxiety. Ego Defence
Mechanisms try to resolve these
- DISPLACEMENT
Transfer of
impulses from one
thing to another
- PROJECTION
undesirable
thoughts are
transferred to
someone else
- REPRESSION
pushing
memories deep
into our
unconscious
- DISPLACEMENT
Transfer of
impulses from one
thing to another
- Mind is like an
iceberg, most of it
is hidden
- Behaviour is influenced by the 'tripartite personality'
- Id
- Present at birth
- Demands satisfaction;
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
- Main aim is to gain
pleasure
- Main aim is to gain
pleasure
- Demands satisfaction;
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
- Present at birth
- Ego
- Develops at 2 y/o
- Rational thinking;
REALITY PRINCIPLE
- Balances the demands
of the Id to be viewed
as socially acceptable
- Balances the demands
of the Id to be viewed
as socially acceptable
- Rational thinking;
REALITY PRINCIPLE
- Develops at 2 y/o
- Superego
- Develops at 4 y/o
- Sense of right and
wrong
- Seeks to perfect and
civilise behaviour
- Seeks to perfect and
civilise behaviour
- Sense of right and
wrong
- Develops at 4 y/o
- Id
- Behaviour is influenced by different levels of
consciousness and ego defences
- Freud's Theory of Personality
Development
- Core of the Personality
- Id, Ego and Superego
are constantly
conflicting
- EGO STRENGTH
is how well your
ego deals with
the conflicts of
the Id and
Supergo
- Can be damaged or
enhanced by childhood
experiences
- Dominated by
the Id =
antisocial
- Can be damaged or
enhanced by childhood
experiences
- Freud says a
healthy
personality
has a
balance
between the
3
- Id, Ego and Superego
are constantly
conflicting
- Psychosexual Stages
- At each stage a LIBIDO is attached to an organ
- 1. Oral
- 0-1.5 y/o
- Pleasure is gained
from suckling and
eating
- Pleasure is gained
from suckling and
eating
- Accept
affection, better
relationships
- Oral aggressive
(aggressive, envy)
Oral Receptive
(optimistic,
gullible)
- 0-1.5 y/o
- 2. Anal
- 1.5-3 y/o
- libido = anus.
Pleasure from
excreting
- libido = anus.
Pleasure from
excreting
- Deal with
authority,
organised
- Anal Retentive
(stingy, neat)
Anal Expulsive
(messy,
careless)
- 1.5-3 y/o
- 3. Phallic
- 3-6 y/o
- Libido = genitals
- Oedipus/ Electra
complex. Resolution
through coming to
identity with same sex
parent
- Oedipus/ Electra
complex. Resolution
through coming to
identity with same sex
parent
- Libido = genitals
- Development
of a
conscience
and mature
moral
development
- Phallic character
(reckless,
self-assured,
problems with
sexual identity.
Could lead to
homosexuality)
- 3-6 y/o
- 5. Genital
- puberty
- libido = genitals.
Focus on
developing
independence
- libido = genitals.
Focus on
developing
independence
- Genital Character
(ideal, mature adult)
- puberty
- 4. Latency
- 6-puberty
- Nothing
happens
- Nothing
happens
- 6-puberty
- At each stage a LIBIDO is attached to an organ
- Experiences through these stages would
result in different personality traits.
- Leads to fixation in a stage
if one doesn't progress
properly
- Leads to fixation in a stage
if one doesn't progress
properly
- Ego Defence Mechanisms and
Personality
- Ego defences may
affect personality
- 'Normal' ego
defences are
humour, sublimation
and suppression
- Ego defences
associated to
mental
illnesses are
denial and
distortion
- Ego defences may
affect personality
- Core of the Personality
- Strengths and Weaknesses
- Strengths
- Nature and Nurture
- Takes into account both
nature and nurture
- Personality is
explained in terms of
innate drives (nature)
but also childhood
experiences (nurture)
- Interactionist makes
it a key strength as it
considers both views
- Interactionist makes
it a key strength as it
considers both views
- Personality is
explained in terms of
innate drives (nature)
but also childhood
experiences (nurture)
- Takes into account both
nature and nurture
- Usefulness
- Highlights the fact
that childhood plays a
key role in behaviour
- Psychoanalysis has
been widely used.
- Freud has
pioneered
understanding
mental disorders
and their causes
- Freud has
pioneered
understanding
mental disorders
and their causes
- Psychoanalysis has
been widely used.
- Highlights the fact
that childhood plays a
key role in behaviour
- Nature and Nurture
- Weaknesses
- Determinist
- Freud's idea of innate
forces deciding our
behaviour shows we have
no free will in choosing our
behaviour
- This is a weakness as we
are able to change our
behaviour if we want to
- Impies people can
not be held
responsible for their
behaviour
- Impies people can
not be held
responsible for their
behaviour
- This is a weakness as we
are able to change our
behaviour if we want to
- Freud's idea of innate
forces deciding our
behaviour shows we have
no free will in choosing our
behaviour
- Falsifiability
- Freud's theory cannot be
proven wrong
- Popper (1935) said
falsification is the only
way to determine whether
something is true or not
- All males repressing
homosexuality
cannot be disproved
for example
- However, not
impossible to
generate testable
hypotheses. Study
into guilt and
wrongdoing
(MacKinnon 1938)
- However, not
impossible to
generate testable
hypotheses. Study
into guilt and
wrongdoing
(MacKinnon 1938)
- All males repressing
homosexuality
cannot be disproved
for example
- Popper (1935) said
falsification is the only
way to determine whether
something is true or not
- Freud's theory cannot be
proven wrong
- Determinist
- Strengths
- Dream Analysis
- Unconscious mind
expresses itself in dreams
- Reveals what's in a person's unconscious
- AIM: applying meaning
to dreams
- AIM: applying meaning
to dreams
- Reveals what's in a person's unconscious
- Dreams as Wish Fulfilment
- Fulfilling desires that can not be
fulfilled in the unconscious mind
- Dreams protect the sleeper
- Dreams protect the sleeper
- Fulfilling desires that can not be
fulfilled in the unconscious mind
- Dreams as repression
- Id = primary process thought
- instinct-driven unconscious
thoughts
- instinct-driven unconscious
thoughts
- Unconscious
thoughts
unacceptable for
our conscious are
repressed into
dreams
- Freud: If we didn't dream,
the repression of these
thoughts would lead us to
insanity
- Id = primary process thought
- Using dream analysis in therapy
- Reversing the process of
the manifest content
- Free association can be used
to uncover latent content
- Discussing
dreams with a
psychoanalyst
- Discussing
dreams with a
psychoanalyst
- Free association can be used
to uncover latent content
- Psychoanalysts don't give their
interpretation
- They relate it to the P's
life experiences, and
give them the choice to
make sense
- They relate it to the P's
life experiences, and
give them the choice to
make sense
- Reversing the process of
the manifest content
- The symbolic Nature of Dreams
- Manifest
Content
- The things we
remember.
Images, thoughts
- The things we
remember.
Images, thoughts
- Latent
Content
- Real meaning of
the dream.
Hidden
unconscious
desires
- Real meaning of
the dream.
Hidden
unconscious
desires
- In order to
understand
dreams, you
have to relate it
in terms of the
P's life
- Manifest
Content
- Dreamwork
- the process in
which Latent
content is
transformed into
manifest content
- 5 processes
are used to
find the
content of
repressed
thoughts
- Condensation
- Thoughts are rich in
detail, but are
condensed to
images, which can
stand for many
ideas/thoughts
- Thoughts are rich in
detail, but are
condensed to
images, which can
stand for many
ideas/thoughts
- Displacement
- Emotional
content of a
dream is
separated
from it's real
meaning to
avoid us
experiencing
disturbed
thoughts
- Emotional
content of a
dream is
separated
from it's real
meaning to
avoid us
experiencing
disturbed
thoughts
- Representation
- A thought is
translated
into visual
images
- A thought is
translated
into visual
images
- Symbolism
- A symbol
replaces an
action,
person or
idea
- A symbol
replaces an
action,
person or
idea
- Secondary
Elaboration
- Unconscious
collect different
thoughts/images
and translates
them into a
logical story
- Unconscious
collect different
thoughts/images
and translates
them into a
logical story
- the process in
which Latent
content is
transformed into
manifest content
- Unconscious mind
expresses itself in dreams
- Methodology
- Case Studies
- Idiographic,
focus on the
individual
- Individuals are
unique
- Individuals are
unique
- Little Hans
- Developed a fear that his
father would castrate him
for having incestuous
thoughts towards his
mother
- Oedipus Complex
- Oedipus Complex
- Interviews with his
father, with
questions supplied
by Freud
- Hoped to combat
his phobia of
horses
- Hoped to combat
his phobia of
horses
- Developed a fear that his
father would castrate him
for having incestuous
thoughts towards his
mother
- Strengths
- A true insight into behaviour is
obtained; rather than a
'snapshot'
- Rich, qualitative data is
obtained, which we can
infer stronger
conclusions
- Idiographic research
emphasises the
uniqueness of an
individual
- Idiographic research
emphasises the
uniqueness of an
individual
- Rich, qualitative data is
obtained, which we can
infer stronger
conclusions
- A true insight into behaviour is
obtained; rather than a
'snapshot'
- Weaknesses
- Almost impossible to generalise
- Results are subjective to
the experiementer, as
data is qualitative. Prone
to bias.
- Freud's sample were taken from
middle-class Viennese women,
with mental problems and in a
sexually supressed culture
- Gender, culture and historical
bias
- Gender, culture and historical
bias
- Freud's sample were taken from
middle-class Viennese women,
with mental problems and in a
sexually supressed culture
- Results are subjective to
the experiementer, as
data is qualitative. Prone
to bias.
- Almost impossible to generalise
- Idiographic,
focus on the
individual
- Clinical Interviews
- Psychoanalysis uses clinical
interviews, where the P is
encouraged to talk about
their emotions
- P's are asked
predetermined Q's, and
then the rest of the Q's
are based on their
replies
- Freud used this technique during
dream analysis and free
association
- Freud used this technique during
dream analysis and free
association
- Strengths
- Good relationships are created,
therefore the P is more likely to
open up
- Psychologists can analyse both
verbal/non-verbal
communication
- Qualitative data is
obtained
- Qualitative data is
obtained
- Psychologists can analyse both
verbal/non-verbal
communication
- Good relationships are created,
therefore the P is more likely to
open up
- Weaknesses
- Hard to summarise as qualitative
data makes it hard to distinguish
trends. Generalisability problems
- Subjectivity and interviewer bias, as the
interviewer will interview the way he sees
fit, and interpret the answers according
to their hypothesis
- Subjectivity and interviewer bias, as the
interviewer will interview the way he sees
fit, and interpret the answers according
to their hypothesis
- Hard to summarise as qualitative
data makes it hard to distinguish
trends. Generalisability problems
- Psychoanalysis uses clinical
interviews, where the P is
encouraged to talk about
their emotions
- Case Studies
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