11637056
Description
Mind Map by Lauren Elliott, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Eleanor H
over 8 years ago
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Copied by Lauren Elliott
almost 7 years ago
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Spoken Language Theories
- Speech Act Theory
- Language is constative (conveys information)
- Speech Acts
- Perlocutionary (affect receiver)
- Illocutionary (performative)
- Perlocutionary (affect receiver)
- Felicity Conditions
- Correct Authority
- Correct Performance
- Correct Attitude (sincerity)
- Correct Authority
- Language is constative (conveys information)
- Exchange Structure Theory
- Two-Part Conversation Structure
- Question/Answer
- Inform/Acknowledge
- Introduction/Greeting
- Complaint/Excuse
- Question/Answer
- Three-Part Conversation Structure (Initiation/Response/Feedback)
- Question/Answer/Comment
- Question/Answer/Comment
- Two-Part Conversation Structure
- Narrative Structure Theory
- Exposition (setting)
- Rising Action (main story)
- Climax (point of the story)
- Closure (rounds it off)
- Exposition (setting)
- Frame Theory
- 'frames'
- contextualisation cues
- picked up during conversation
- allow us to recognise situations and respond appropriately
- contextualisation cues
- 'frames'
- Schema Theory
- repertoire of 'schemas'
- give us various assumptions & expectations
- e.g. we expect a doctor to behave in a certain way
- e.g. we expect a doctor to behave in a certain way
- contextual cues
- give us various assumptions & expectations
- repertoire of 'schemas'
- Face Needs
- Positive
- e.g. greetings, compliments
- to make receiver feel approved of
- e.g. greetings, compliments
- Negative
- e.g. hedges, apologies
- soften unpleasant requests
- e.g. hedges, apologies
- to make receiver feel unthreatened & accepted
- Positive
- Politeness
- Positive
- e.g. paying attention, making jokes
- claiming common ground and conveying assumption that all participants will be cooperative and are 'with' the speaker
- e.g. paying attention, making jokes
- Negative
- e.g. being apologetic, deferential, questions, hedges
- being indirect, neither presuming nor assuming and not forcing the point
- e.g. being apologetic, deferential, questions, hedges
- Positive
- Conversational Maxims
- Relevance
- Quality
- Quantity
- Manner
- Implicature may be needed if a maxim is flouted deliberately - may be saving face
- Cooperative Principle
- assuming all participant have common goals and will use the same achievement methods
- assuming all participant have common goals and will use the same achievement methods
- Relevance
- Accommodation Theory
- we alter our speech to 'accommodate' our addressees
- Convergence
- Downward Convergence (move to a less prestigious accent)
- Upward Convergence (move to a more prestigious accent)
- move towards the other's speech
- Mutual Convergence (both participants converge towards each other, one upwards and one downwards)
- Downward Convergence (move to a less prestigious accent)
- Divergence
- move away from the other's speech
- e.g. supporters of rival football teams might diverge to their team's accent
- can exert power if speaker diverges to a more prestigious accent
- e.g. teacher reprimanding a pupil might enunciate more syllables than usual and speak with a more RP accent
- e.g. teacher reprimanding a pupil might enunciate more syllables than usual and speak with a more RP accent
- move away from the other's speech
- we alter our speech to 'accommodate' our addressees
- Politeness Principle
- three maxims
- Don't Impose
- Give Options
- Make Receiver Feel Good
- Don't Impose
- three maxims
- Berstein's Code
- Elaborated Code gives full details
- Restricted Code is highly deixical
- Elaborated Code gives full details
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