Language Learning Theories

Cognitive Language Acquisition
1. Change in Knowledge
  1. "Nothing" to "Something"
  2. Build Ties between New & Learned
2. Jean Piaget
3. Language reflects thought process
  1. Through Interactions with other People
    1. Develops Gradually as Child goes thru Stages
      1. Sensorimotor
        Physical Objects
        Motor Skills
      2. Preoperational
        Forms Words
        Concept of Time & Space
        Symbols & Shapes
      3. Concrete Operations
        Group things in Logical order
        Convey own Ideas & Views
      4. Formal Operations
        Logical Reasoning
        Communicating in an Adult Manner
Behaviorist Theory
1. B. F. Skinner
2. All Behavior is Viewed as a Response to Stimuli
  1. Rewards
    1. Habit Forming
    2. Treats
  2. Reinforcement
    1. Negative
      1. Punishments
    2. Positive
      1. "Great Effort Sophie!"
      2. Praise
  3. Corrections
    1. No Explanations
3. Environment changes Learner's Behavior
  1. Observation
  2. Imitation
Acculturation Theory
1. John Schumann
2. Immigrants Want to Be Part of New Country's Culture
  1. Share different aspects of culture with class
    1. Holidays
    2. Food
    3. Rituals
    4. Traditions
  2. Social Factors Affecting Rate of Language Acquisition
    1. Socialization
    2. Motivation
    3. Attitude
    4. Culture Shock
  3. Key Factors of Success
    1. Emotional Receptiveness
    2. Willingness of Mainstream Culture to Accept Language Learners
Universal Grammar
1. Noam Chomsky
2. Born with basic grammar rules for language - "Prewired"
  1. Naturally pickup language
  2. Influenced by environment
3. All Language Rests on Innate Building Blocks of Expression
  1. Set of Rules for Correct Sentence Structure
    1. Verbs
    2. Nouns
    3. Adjectives
4. Competence not Performance
Conversation Theory
1. Gordon Pask
2. Learn Language thru Conversation / Talking
  1. Scaffolding
    1. Higher Proficiency Level Helps Lower Proficiency Speaker Keep Conversation Going
      1. Rephrasing
      2. Asking Questions
  2. Negotiation of Meaning
    1. Both Speakers Participate to the Best of Their Abilities
      1. Must Understand What They are Talking About
      2. Make Conversation Grow & Continue
Acquisition - Learning Hypothesis
1. Stephen Krashen
2. Language Acquisition
  1. Implicit Knowledge & Acquired Language Competence
    1. Passively Learned
    2. Unconsciously Learned
    3. Rely on Feelings of Correctness over Knowledge of Rules
    4. Learned through Natural Communication
      1. Conversations
      2. Use Language in Authentic Situations
3. Language Learning
  1. Explicit & Formal Instruction
    1. Actively Learned
    2. Consciously Learned

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Language Learning Theories

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