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117127
Geneva, Paris and Vienna Summits, 1955 - 1961
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History Mind Map on Geneva, Paris and Vienna Summits, 1955 - 1961, created by ZIButler on 31/05/2013.
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Geneva, Paris and Vienna Summits, 1955 - 1961
Geneva Summit July 1955
First meeting between the USSR and the US since Potsdam
Attempted to resolve the status of Germany and begin negotiations about arms control
Khrushchev
Took the initiative, reasserting Stalin's plan to create a united and neutral Germany
US refused to accept this
West Germany had joined NATO
Proposed disbanding NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Eisenhower refused - saw NATO as essential to Western Security
Eisenhower
Suggested an Arms Limitation Treaty backed by an 'OPEN SKIES' policy
Proposal involved agreed limits on SUPERPOWER MILITARY POWER
Superpowers would also authorize surveillance flights over each other's territory to check that limits were being adhered to
Rejected by Khrushchev
Did not want the West to 'spy' on Soviet territory
No agreement was reached but there was an acceptance of the STATUS QUO and that neither side wanted war
Agreement to meet in Paris in 1960
Paris Summit 1960
Khrushchev demanded an apology for the spying
Eisenhower stated that no further missions would take place but refused to apologize
Khrushchev walked out of the summit
Memoirs showed that the U2 incident was the point at which the Kremlin hardliners lost faith in 'peaceful coexistence
U2 Incident
15 days before Paris summit, Khrushchev announced that a U2 spy plane had been shot down over Siberia
Assuming the plane had been destroyed, Eisenhower released a cover story, claiming that the plane was a weather plane, not a spy plane
Soviet forces had captured the plane and the pilot - able to prove that Eisenhower had lied to the public
Propaganda victory for Khrushchev
Vienna Summit, 1961
Kennedy was determined to assert US strength due to the failure of his Cuban policy during the Bay of Pigs incident
The Soviet Position
Khrushchev regarded Berin as the top priority
Under pressure from Ulbricht to stop the exodus of East Germans to West Germany via Berlin
2.7 Million had left since 1945
Keen to assert his authority by exploiting Kennedy's inexperience
The US Position
Disarmament was main priority
Open Skies policy
Reduced the annual proposals from 20 to 10 in order to help reach an agreement
The Significance of the Vienna Summit
Talks failed to reach agreement on the status of Berlin and on arms limitations
Khrushchev appeared to threaten Kennedy with military action if the US continued to support West Berlin
Kennedy used the opportunity to assert his hard-line position
'If all else fails in Berlin, we will use our nuclear weapons'
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