Behaviour which is
outside the norms of
society but with no
intent to harm or break
the rules. It often
involves over-adherence
to the norms or
expectations of society
Performer might over-train
Might try to play with an injury
Paula Radcliffe
Trained for 2004 Olympics despite injury
Pulled out of marathon part-way through
When a performer strives to win and accidentally and
without harm injures an opponent
Negative defiance
Behaviour that goes against the
norms and has a detrimental effect
on individual and society in general
Involves under-conformity to the norms and expectations of society
Taking illegal performance-enhancing drugs
Deliberately fouling/harming an opponent through aggression or violent actions