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11970365
Atomic Stucture
Description
A2 Chemistry (Physical 1) Mind Map on Atomic Stucture, created by Dominic Weston on 23/01/2018.
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chemistry
physical 1
a2
Mind Map by
Dominic Weston
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Dominic Weston
over 6 years ago
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Resource summary
Atomic Stucture
Ions
Ions have different numbers of protons and electrons
Ions formed by gaining or losing electrons from the atom
Positive ions have lost electrons
Negative ions have gained electrons
Negative Ions repel
Isotopes
Same element with different numbers of neutrons
Number and arrangement of electorns decide the chemical properties of an element
Isotopes have the same electrons / config so same chemical porperties
Slightly different physical properties due to different mass of atom
ToF Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation
Electron Impact
Sample is vaporised
High energy electrons fired at sample from an electron gun
Forms +1 ions that are attracted to -ve plate
Electrospray
Sample dissolved in volatile solvent
Injected through fine needle
Tip of needle attached to +ve end of high-voltage supply
Forms +1 ions by gaining a proton from solvent
Detection
Positive ions discharged
By gaining electrons when hit detector
Generates a current from the movement of electrons
Size of current indicates number of ions hitting plate
Mass spectrum
Data used to produce graph
mass to charge ratio (m/z) against abundance
used to work out relative atomic mass of element
= mass of isotopes / abundance
Greatest m/z value
Tells us the relative mass of sample
small signal may be above it
this is due to ions having higher mass on a single atom
Signals below are due to fragmentation of molecular ions
Flight Tube
Low mass, faster
Fastest meets detector first
Acceleration
+1 ions accelerated using electric field
So that they all have the same kinetic energy
Velocity depends on mass
low mass, faster
Instrumental method of analysis
Used to find abundance and mass of each isotope of an element
This allows us to find its relative atomic mass
Used to find relative molecular mass of substances of molecules
Electronic Structure
Electron shells made up of sub-shells and orbitals
Electrons move around nucleus in regions of an atom - shells or energy levels
Shells are divided into sub-shells which have slightly different energies
Sub-shells have different numbers of orbitals which can each hold 2 electrons
Two electrons in each orbital spin in opposite directions due to repulsion
1s^2 - 1 orbital, 2e-
2p^6 - 3 orbitals, 6e-
3d^10 - 5 orbitals, 10e-
4f^14 - 7 orbitals, 14e-
Further the shell is from the nucleus, the higher its energy
Number of outer shell electrons decide chemical properties
Group 1 and 2 easily lose electrons from outershell to from positive ion
Group 5, 6 ,7 can gain 1, 2, 3 electrons form negative ions
Group 4, 7 share electrons to form covalent bonds
Group 0 have filled sub-shells, dont react making them inert
Transition metals lose s, d electrons forming positive ions
Transition metals are unusual
Copper and Chromium fill their 4s sub shell singly
Energetically more favourable to fill 3d sub shell first
They also lose the 4s electron before 3d when becoming ions
Form inert gas configuration
Ionisation Energy
Ionisation - removal of electrons from atoms or molecule
Factors
Nuclear Charge
more protons in nucleus, stronger the attaction to electrons
Shielding
More electrons between nucleus and outer electron, less attaction between the two
Nucleus Radii
Attraction falls off rapidly with distance, larger the radii, less attaction
Trends
Across any period
Increase harder to remove outer electron
Across period increasing nuclear charge, more protons
Shielding the same across
More attaction between the electrons and protons
Down a group
Extra electron shells
Less attraction between positive nucleus and outer electron
Furthest electron far away
ALM
Despite increase in nuclear charge,
Outer Al electron in a higher energy sub-shell
increase shielding
Less energy needed to remove the electron
Same shielding, same orbital
Phosphorus has 1 fully occupied orbital
Repulsion in the electron orbital
SLP
Media attachments
Nuclear Symbol (binary/octet-stream)
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