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11970409
Nucleic Acids, ATP, and Water
Description
A2 Biology (Section 1) Mind Map on Nucleic Acids, ATP, and Water, created by Dominic Weston on 23/01/2018.
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biology
section 1
a2
Mind Map by
Dominic Weston
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Dominic Weston
over 6 years ago
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Resource summary
Nucleic Acids, ATP, and Water
DNA and RNA are polymers of Nucleotides
DNA
The pentose sugar in DNA nucleotide is deoxyribose
Each have the same sugar and phosphate group
Bases can differ
A , T, C, G
Used to store genetic information
RNA
Similar structure to DNA
Used to transfer genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes
RNA contains Ribose sugar
also contains phosphate group
and bases, A, C, U, G
Type of biological molecule
Containing pentose sugar, organic base, phosphate group
Nucleotides joined together to form polynucleotides
joined via condensation reactions
Forming a phosphodiester bond between phosphate group and a sugar of another nucleotide
Chain of sugar, phosphate called sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA is made of two polynucleotides in a double-helix structure
DNA polynucleotides joined by hydrogen bonding between bases
Bases only join to one to another - complementary base pairing
A -- T
Equal base pairs in a molecule
C --- G
The two polynucleotides run antiparallel and twist to form helix
RNA is a relatively short polynucleotide chain
Made from single chain
DNA Replication
Replicates by Semi-Conserative replication
Half of the strands, in each new DNA molecule, are from the original DNA
Maintains genetic continuity between cell generations
Enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
Makes the DNA helix unwind to form two single strands
These two new strands act as a template for a new strand.
Complementary base pairing means that free DNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases
Condensation reactions join the new strands together
Catalysed by DNA Polymerase
Moves in opposite ways along antiparallel DNA strand
Each end of DNA molecule is different
3' and 5' run antiparallel - run side by side but in opposite directions
Active site of DNA polymerase complementary to original 3' end
New nucleotides only start on the 3' end of the orignal strand
Meaning if antiparallel forms the 5' end of new strand at the 3' end of the orginal strand
New strand made in the 5' to 3' direction
DNA polymerase starts at the 3' end and moves 3' to 5' direction on the original strand
Two DNA polymerases working on one orginal DNA double-helix move in opposite directions to each other
Hydrogen bonds reform between the original and new bases
Each new DNA molecule contains a original strand and a new strand
Unique Properties of Water
Functions or water to living organisms
Metabolic processes
E.g. condensation / hydrolysis reactions
Water is a metabolite
Used as a solvent
Substances can dissolve in it
Most reactions take place in solution - cytoplasm
Temperature Control
Takes a lot of energy to evaporate water - breaking hydrogen bonds between water
Used to cool down organisms without losing too much water
High specific heat capacity
Resists rapid temperature changes
Cohesive
Stick together - helpful in water transportation in plants
Cohesion - attaction between molecules of the same type
Structure of Water
Polar molecule, partially negative oxygen and 2 partially positive hydrogens
Charged ions in water will be completely surronded by water (dissolved)
Positive ions will attract negative oxygen
Negative ions attract positive hydrogen
Water requires special channel proteins to move through membranes
Aquaporins allow polar water to diffuse
ATP
Cells get energy from glucose in respiration
Energy can't be used directly from glucose
Use energy to form ATP
ATP used to release energy
Made from the nuleotide base adenine
ribose sugar and 3 phosphate
Energy stored in bonds between the phosphate groups
Hydrolysis reaction
phosphate bond broken
A lot of energy released
ATP can be resynthesised using products in condensation reaction
Immediate source of energy
ATP can diffuse to parts of the cell that need energy
Media attachments
Nucleotide (binary/octet-stream)
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