B7 - Non-communicable diseases

Cancer
1. Causes of Cancer
  1. Ionising Radiation
  2. Obesity
  3. Smoking
  4. Common Viruses
2. Types of Tumours
  1. Malignant
    1. Malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighbouring cells and may spread to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours.
  2. Benign
    1. Benign tumours form in one place, and do not spread around the body.
3. Treating Cancer
  1. Radiotherapy
    1. When the cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. This stops mitosis in the cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells.
  2. Chemotherapy
    1. When chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them 'self destruct'.
4. Cancer is abnormal, uncontrollable cell division.
Risk Factors
1. Diet and Exercise
  1. Extremeties
    1. Examples of this include: excessive exercise, weight obsessions, bulimia, anorexia and binge eating disorders. Negative health effects develop when exercise or nutrition are taken to extremes.
  2. Regular exercise lowers blood pressure, helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces cholesterol. These are major factors in the prevention of: Heart disease, Arthritis, Cancer, Diabetes.
    1. Diabetes
      1. Type 1
        Where the pancreas doesn't produce any insulin. Type 1 diabetes is often inherited.
      2. Type 2
        Where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body's cells don't react to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity and tends to be diagnosed in older people. It's far more common than type 1 diabetes.
2. Smoking
  1. Cigarettes are made up of lots of chemicals and other harmful materials. All of this have different effects on the body. While some are more positive, lots can lead to cancers or other illnesses.
    1. Nicotine
    2. Carbon Monoxide
    3. Carcinogens
  2. Smoking while pregnant
    1. Smoking while pregnant is known to be harmful to the baby, increasing the risk of miscarriage, small babies and premature birth. It very often leads to birth defects too, with babies born with missing or malfunctioning limbs
3. Alcohol
  1. Interferes with the brainwaves from the brain to other parts of your body,
  2. Can cause Cardiomyopathy (Stretching and drooping of heart muscle), and Arrhythmias (Irregular heart beat), strokes and high blood pressure.
  3. It can also damage your liver and pancreas over time.
  4. Too much alcohol can also damage your immune system.
  5. Smoking during pregnancy could lead to Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS affects the way a baby's brain develops and how serious the condition is depends on how much alcohol a mother drank during pregnancy. Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, small birth weight, and Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are all associated with a mother's drinking.
4. Exposure to Carcinogens
  1. Ionising Radiation
    1. This is an electromagnetic wave that can ionize an atom. There are three types: Alpha, Beta and Gamma.
    2. Too much radiation can damage living cells. Ionising radiation in particular, can break molecules into smaller fragments, leading to lots of different consequences. Radiation can also affect DNA, causing mutations.
5. Non communicable diseases are often caused by the interaction of multiple factors.
Health and Disease
1. Some diseases influence or interact with each other
  1. Poor diet, stress and/or difficult life situations can increase likelihood of developing certain diseases.
  2. Immune system diseases mean an individual is more likely to catch infectious disease.
  3. Immune reactions triggered by a pathogen can cause allergies (e.g. Skin rashes or Asthma)
2. A disease is caused by part of the body not working properly.
3. Good health is a state of physical and mental well-being.
4. Non-communicable diseases largely affect the individual and their family. Treatment costs a lot of money, and often the ill individual cannot work.
Heart Diseases
1. Valves can become faulty (leak or not open properly)
  1. They can be replaced by biological or mechanical valves.
2. Coronary heart disease,
  1. Treatments
    1. Statins
      1. Keeps the arteries open
    2. Stents
      1. Reduce blood cholesterol levels & slow down rate which fatty materials build up.
  2. The build up of layers of fatty material inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
3. Heart Failure
  1. In case of heart failure, you can get a transplant
    1. From a (dead) human donor
    2. In the form of an artificial heart
    3. One can take medicine to try and keep patients alive until a transplant comes available.

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B7 - Non-communicable diseases

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	Created by eleanor croker almost 7 years ago