12732772
Description
Mind Map by shaikha alzaabi, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by shaikha alzaabi
almost 7 years ago
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Pancreatitis
- Anatomy
- The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located across the back of the abdomen, behind the
stomach. The right side of the organ, called the head, is the widest part of the organ. It lies in the
curve of the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. The tapered left side extends slightly
upward, called the body of the pancreas, and ends near the spleen, called the tail.
- The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located across the back of the abdomen, behind the
stomach. The right side of the organ, called the head, is the widest part of the organ. It lies in the
curve of the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. The tapered left side extends slightly
upward, called the body of the pancreas, and ends near the spleen, called the tail.
- physiology
- The pancreas is made up of 2 types of glands:
- Exocrine. The exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes. These
enzymes are secreted into a network of ducts that join the main
pancreatic duct. It runs the length of the pancreas.
- Endocrine. The endocrine gland consists of the islets of
Langerhans and secretes hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine. The exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes. These
enzymes are secreted into a network of ducts that join the main
pancreatic duct. It runs the length of the pancreas.
- Functions of the pancreas
- The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help
break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the
duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into
the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum,
they are activated. The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate
to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
- The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help
break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the
duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into
the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum,
they are activated. The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate
to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
- The pancreas is made up of 2 types of glands:
- Symptoms
- Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
- Upper abdominal pain Abdominal pain that radiates to your back
Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating Fever Rapid pulse
Nausea Vomiting Tenderness when touching the abdomen
- Upper abdominal pain Abdominal pain that radiates to your back
Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating Fever Rapid pulse
Nausea Vomiting Tenderness when touching the abdomen
- Chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
- Upper abdominal pain Losing weight without trying Oily,
smelly stools (steatorrhea)
- Upper abdominal pain Losing weight without trying Oily,
smelly stools (steatorrhea)
- Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
- Causes
- Alcoholism Gallstones Abdominal surgery Certain medications
Cigarette smoking Cystic fibrosis Family history of pancreatitis High
calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia), which may be caused
by an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) High
triglyceride levels in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia) Infection
Injury to the abdomen Pancreatic cancer
- Alcoholism Gallstones Abdominal surgery Certain medications
Cigarette smoking Cystic fibrosis Family history of pancreatitis High
calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia), which may be caused
by an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) High
triglyceride levels in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia) Infection
Injury to the abdomen Pancreatic cancer
- Diagnosis
- Blood tests to look for
elevated levels of
pancreatic enzymes
- Stool tests in chronic
pancreatitis to
measure levels of fat
that could suggest
your digestive system
isn't absorbing
nutrients adequately
- Computerized tomography
(CT) scan to look for gallstones
and assess the extent of
pancreas inflammation
- Abdominal ultrasound to
look for gallstones and
pancreas inflammation
- Endoscopic
ultrasound to look
for inflammation
and blockages in
the pancreatic
duct or bile duct
- Blood tests to look for
elevated levels of
pancreatic enzymes
- Complications
- Pseudocyst. Acute pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in cystlike pockets in your
pancreas. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and
infection.
- Infection. Acute pancreatitis can make your pancreas vulnerable to bacteria and infection.
Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery to remove the
infected tissue.
- Kidney failure. Acute pancreatitis may cause kidney failure, which can be treated with dialysis if the
kidney failure is severe and persistent.
- Breathing problems. Acute pancreatitis can cause chemical changes in your body that affect your
lung function, causing the level of oxygen in your blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
- Malnutrition. Both acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause your pancreas to produce fewer of the
enzymes that are needed to break down and process nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead
to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss, even though you may be eating the same foods or the
same amount of food.
- Pancreatic cancer. Long-standing inflammation in your pancreas caused by chronic pancreatitis is a
risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer.
- Pancreatic cancer. Long-standing inflammation in your pancreas caused by chronic pancreatitis is a
risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer.
- Malnutrition. Both acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause your pancreas to produce fewer of the
enzymes that are needed to break down and process nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead
to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss, even though you may be eating the same foods or the
same amount of food.
- Breathing problems. Acute pancreatitis can cause chemical changes in your body that affect your
lung function, causing the level of oxygen in your blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
- Kidney failure. Acute pancreatitis may cause kidney failure, which can be treated with dialysis if the
kidney failure is severe and persistent.
- Infection. Acute pancreatitis can make your pancreas vulnerable to bacteria and infection.
Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery to remove the
infected tissue.
- Pseudocyst. Acute pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in cystlike pockets in your
pancreas. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and
infection.
- Treatment
- Fasting. You'll stop eating for a couple of days in the hospital in order to give your pancreas a chance
to recover. Once the inflammation in your pancreas is controlled, you may begin drinking clear
liquids and eating bland foods. With time, you can go back to your normal diet.
- Pain medications. Pancreatitis can cause severe pain. Your health care team will give you
medications to help control the pain.
- Intravenous (IV) fluids. As your body devotes energy and fluids to repairing your pancreas, you may
become dehydrated. For this reason, you'll receive extra fluids through a vein in your arm during
your hospital stay.
- Enzymes to improve digestion. Pancreatic enzyme supplements can help your body break down and
process the nutrients in the foods you eat. Pancreatic enzymes are taken with each meal.
- Fasting. You'll stop eating for a couple of days in the hospital in order to give your pancreas a chance
to recover. Once the inflammation in your pancreas is controlled, you may begin drinking clear
liquids and eating bland foods. With time, you can go back to your normal diet.
- surgery
- Procedures to remove bile duct obstructions. Pancreatitis caused by a narrowed or blocked bile duct
may require procedures to open or widen the bile duct. A procedure called endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) uses a long tube with a camera on the end to examine your
pancreas and bile ducts. The tube is passed down your throat, and the camera sends pictures of your
digestive system to a monitor.
- Gallbladder surgery. If gallstones caused your pancreatitis, your doctor may recommend surgery to
remove your gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
- Pancreas surgery. Surgery may be necessary to drain fluid from your pancreas or to remove diseased
tissue.
- Treatment for alcohol dependence. Drinking several drinks a day over many years can cause pancreatitis. If this is the
cause of your pancreatitis, your doctor may recommend you enter a treatment program for alcohol addiction.
Continuing to drink may worsen your pancreatitis and lead to serious complications.
- Procedures to remove bile duct obstructions. Pancreatitis caused by a narrowed or blocked bile duct
may require procedures to open or widen the bile duct. A procedure called endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) uses a long tube with a camera on the end to examine your
pancreas and bile ducts. The tube is passed down your throat, and the camera sends pictures of your
digestive system to a monitor.
- Epidemiology
- Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US.
Chronic pancreatitis, although lower in incidence, significantly reduces patients’ quality of life. Pancreatic
cancer has high mortality and is 1 of the top 5 causes of death from cancer. The burden of pancreatic
disorders is expected to increase over time. The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex,
and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. Gallstones are the most common cause
of acute pancreatitis, and early cholecystectomy eliminates the risk of future attacks. Alcohol continues to
be the single most important risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. Smoking is an independent risk factor for
acute and chronic pancreatitis, and its effects could synergize with those of alcohol. Significant risk factors
for pancreatic cancer include smoking and non-O blood groups. Alcohol abstinence and smoking cessation
can alter progression of pancreatit
- Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US.
Chronic pancreatitis, although lower in incidence, significantly reduces patients’ quality of life. Pancreatic
cancer has high mortality and is 1 of the top 5 causes of death from cancer. The burden of pancreatic
disorders is expected to increase over time. The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex,
and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. Gallstones are the most common cause
of acute pancreatitis, and early cholecystectomy eliminates the risk of future attacks. Alcohol continues to
be the single most important risk factor for chronic pancreatitis. Smoking is an independent risk factor for
acute and chronic pancreatitis, and its effects could synergize with those of alcohol. Significant risk factors
for pancreatic cancer include smoking and non-O blood groups. Alcohol abstinence and smoking cessation
can alter progression of pancreatit
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