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Chemical tests

Description

A mindmap consisting of inorganic chemical tests including the flame test, Halogen and halide tests and S-block complex ion colours. Organic tests are also included for all functional groups
Seren Jones
Mind Map by Seren Jones, updated more than 1 year ago
Seren Jones
Created by Seren Jones almost 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Chemical tests
  1. Inorganic
    1. Flame test
      1. Na+
        1. Yellow flame
        2. Li+
          1. Crimson red flame
          2. Ca2+
            1. Brick red flame
            2. K+
              1. Lilac flame
              2. Cu2+
                1. Green/Blue flame
                2. Ba2+
                  1. Pale green
                  2. Mg2+
                    1. No colour
                  3. Transition metals
                    1. Complex ion colours
                      1. Cobalt (Co2+)
                        1. [Co(H20)6]2+
                          1. Pale pink
                          2. Conc HCl
                            1. [CoCl4] 2-
                              1. Blue solution
                            2. OH-
                              1. [Co(OH)2(H20)4]
                                1. Blue ppt soluble in excess NaOH
                            3. Copper (Cu2+)
                              1. [Cu(H20)6] 2+
                                1. Blue solution
                                2. Excess NH3
                                  1. [Cu(NH3)4 (H20)2] 2+
                                    1. Royal blue solution
                                  2. Excess Cl-
                                    1. [CuCl4] 2-
                                      1. Yellow solution
                                    2. OH-
                                      1. [Cu(OH)2 (H20)4]
                                        1. Pale blue ppt insoluble in excess OH
                                    3. Iron (II)
                                      1. [Fe(H20)6] 2+
                                        1. Pale green solution
                                        2. OH-
                                          1. [Fe(OH)2(H20)4]
                                            1. Dirty green ppt
                                            2. Excess
                                              1. Re-dissolves to Fe(OH)2+ which is unstable and oxidises in air to a rusty brown ppt of Fe(OH)3
                                          2. Iron (III)
                                            1. [Fe(H20)6] 3+
                                              1. Yellow-green solution
                                            2. Chromium (Cr3+)
                                              1. [Cr(H20)6] 3+
                                                1. Violet solution
                                                2. OH-
                                                  1. (Cr(OH)3(H20)3]
                                                    1. Green ppt soluble in excess
                                                  2. CrO4 2-
                                                    1. yellow chromate ion
                                                    2. Cr2O7-
                                                      1. Orange dichromate ion
                                                  3. MnO4-
                                                    1. Purple ion
                                                  4. P block
                                                    1. Group 7- Halogens
                                                      1. Fluorine (F-)
                                                        1. Room temp
                                                          1. yellow gas
                                                        2. Chlorine (Cl-)
                                                          1. Room temp
                                                            1. Green gas
                                                            2. Nitric acid + silver nitrate
                                                              1. White ppt
                                                                1. Soluble in dilute + conc NH3
                                                              2. Conc H2SO4
                                                                1. Misty fumes
                                                                  1. HCl
                                                              3. Iodine (I-)
                                                                1. Room temp
                                                                  1. Grey solid
                                                                  2. Nitric acid + silver nitrate
                                                                    1. Yellow ppt
                                                                      1. Insoluble in dilute NH3
                                                                    2. Conc H2SO4
                                                                      1. Misty fumes
                                                                        1. HI
                                                                        2. Purple vapour
                                                                          1. I2
                                                                          2. colourless gas
                                                                            1. SO2
                                                                            2. Yellow solid
                                                                              1. S
                                                                              2. bad egg smell
                                                                                1. H2S
                                                                            3. Bromine (Br-)
                                                                              1. Room temp
                                                                                1. Red-Brown liquid
                                                                                2. Nitric acid + Silver nitrate
                                                                                  1. Cream ppt
                                                                                    1. Insoluble in dilute NH3, soluble in conc
                                                                                  2. conc H2SO4
                                                                                    1. Misty fumes
                                                                                      1. HBr
                                                                                      2. Brown vapour
                                                                                        1. Br2
                                                                                        2. colourless gas
                                                                                          1. SO2
                                                                                  3. Cations
                                                                                    1. NaOH
                                                                                      1. Mg 2+, Zn 2+, Al 3+, Pb 3+
                                                                                        1. White ppt
                                                                                          1. AL 3+ dissolves in excess NaOH
                                                                                            1. Zn 2+ dissolves in excess NH3
                                                                                              1. Potassium Iodide produces a yellow ppt with Pb 3+
                                                                                        2. Anions
                                                                                          1. Barium chloride/barium nitrate
                                                                                            1. White ppt with carboinates, sulfites and sulfates
                                                                                              1. dilute HCl
                                                                                                1. Effervescence with carbonates
                                                                                                  1. sulfur dioxide formed from sulfites
                                                                                                    1. no reaction with sulfate
                                                                                            2. Organic
                                                                                              1. Phenol
                                                                                                1. Add Br2
                                                                                                  1. 2,4,6 tribromophenol
                                                                                                    1. Antiseptic smell
                                                                                                      1. White ppt
                                                                                                      2. Add FeCl3
                                                                                                        1. Violet solution
                                                                                                      3. Aldehyde
                                                                                                        1. Tollen's reagent
                                                                                                          1. Silver mirror
                                                                                                          2. Fehling's
                                                                                                            1. Orange/red ppt of Cu+
                                                                                                          3. Alcohol
                                                                                                            1. Acidified potassium dichromate
                                                                                                              1. Tertiary alcohol
                                                                                                                1. no visible change, as tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
                                                                                                                2. Primary and secondary
                                                                                                                  1. Orange to green colour change
                                                                                                                    1. primary oxidised to aldehyde then carboxylic acid
                                                                                                                      1. Secondary oxidised to ketone
                                                                                                                    2. Lucas test
                                                                                                                      1. Zinc chloride + conc HCl
                                                                                                                        1. Primary alcohol
                                                                                                                          1. No reaction at room temp
                                                                                                                          2. Secondary alcohol
                                                                                                                            1. Layers formed after 5 minutes
                                                                                                                            2. Tertiary alcohol
                                                                                                                              1. Layers form immediately
                                                                                                                          3. Iodoform
                                                                                                                            1. NaNO2 + I2
                                                                                                                              1. Potitive test
                                                                                                                                1. Ethanol
                                                                                                                                  1. Secondary alcohol with a CH3 attatched with C with OH
                                                                                                                              2. Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                1. 2,4 DNPH
                                                                                                                                  1. Orange ppt formed
                                                                                                                                    1. Can be purified and removed by suction filtration.
                                                                                                                                      1. melting point test and compare with known literature values
                                                                                                                                        1. Can identify aldehyde or ketone
                                                                                                                                2. Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrolysis with NaOH
                                                                                                                                    1. Nitric acid to remove unwanted ions
                                                                                                                                      1. Silver nitrate
                                                                                                                                        1. Cl-
                                                                                                                                          1. Br-
                                                                                                                                            1. I-
                                                                                                                                      2. Alkene
                                                                                                                                        1. Bromine water
                                                                                                                                          1. Brown to colourless
                                                                                                                                        2. Carboxylic acids
                                                                                                                                          1. Na2CO3 or NaHCO3
                                                                                                                                            1. Effervescence
                                                                                                                                              1. Turns limewater cloudy
                                                                                                                                            2. Ketones
                                                                                                                                              1. Iodoform
                                                                                                                                                1. NaOH + I2
                                                                                                                                                  1. Positive test for methyl ketones
                                                                                                                                                    1. Yellow ppt
                                                                                                                                                      1. Antiseptic smell
                                                                                                                                                  2. Esters
                                                                                                                                                    1. No chemical test but sweet smelling
                                                                                                                                                    2. Acyl chlorides
                                                                                                                                                      1. Add water
                                                                                                                                                        1. Misty fumes of HCl
                                                                                                                                                      2. Amines and amides
                                                                                                                                                        1. Add NaOH and warm
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fishy odour + turns damp red litmus blue
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ammonia released
                                                                                                                                                          2. Primary amine
                                                                                                                                                            1. Add HNO2
                                                                                                                                                              1. N2 gas released and effervescence is observed
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