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12916119
Chemical tests
Description
A mindmap consisting of inorganic chemical tests including the flame test, Halogen and halide tests and S-block complex ion colours. Organic tests are also included for all functional groups
No tags specified
a level chemistry
chemical tests
inorganic chemistry
organic chemistry
chemistry
as level
Mind Map by
Seren Jones
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Seren Jones
over 6 years ago
175
2
0
Resource summary
Chemical tests
Inorganic
Flame test
Na+
Yellow flame
Li+
Crimson red flame
Ca2+
Brick red flame
K+
Lilac flame
Cu2+
Green/Blue flame
Ba2+
Pale green
Mg2+
No colour
Transition metals
Complex ion colours
Cobalt (Co2+)
[Co(H20)6]2+
Pale pink
Conc HCl
[CoCl4] 2-
Blue solution
OH-
[Co(OH)2(H20)4]
Blue ppt soluble in excess NaOH
Copper (Cu2+)
[Cu(H20)6] 2+
Blue solution
Excess NH3
[Cu(NH3)4 (H20)2] 2+
Royal blue solution
Excess Cl-
[CuCl4] 2-
Yellow solution
OH-
[Cu(OH)2 (H20)4]
Pale blue ppt insoluble in excess OH
Iron (II)
[Fe(H20)6] 2+
Pale green solution
OH-
[Fe(OH)2(H20)4]
Dirty green ppt
Excess
Re-dissolves to Fe(OH)2+ which is unstable and oxidises in air to a rusty brown ppt of Fe(OH)3
Iron (III)
[Fe(H20)6] 3+
Yellow-green solution
Chromium (Cr3+)
[Cr(H20)6] 3+
Violet solution
OH-
(Cr(OH)3(H20)3]
Green ppt soluble in excess
CrO4 2-
yellow chromate ion
Cr2O7-
Orange dichromate ion
MnO4-
Purple ion
P block
Group 7- Halogens
Fluorine (F-)
Room temp
yellow gas
Chlorine (Cl-)
Room temp
Green gas
Nitric acid + silver nitrate
White ppt
Soluble in dilute + conc NH3
Conc H2SO4
Misty fumes
HCl
Iodine (I-)
Room temp
Grey solid
Nitric acid + silver nitrate
Yellow ppt
Insoluble in dilute NH3
Conc H2SO4
Misty fumes
HI
Purple vapour
I2
colourless gas
SO2
Yellow solid
S
bad egg smell
H2S
Bromine (Br-)
Room temp
Red-Brown liquid
Nitric acid + Silver nitrate
Cream ppt
Insoluble in dilute NH3, soluble in conc
conc H2SO4
Misty fumes
HBr
Brown vapour
Br2
colourless gas
SO2
Cations
NaOH
Mg 2+, Zn 2+, Al 3+, Pb 3+
White ppt
AL 3+ dissolves in excess NaOH
Zn 2+ dissolves in excess NH3
Potassium Iodide produces a yellow ppt with Pb 3+
Anions
Barium chloride/barium nitrate
White ppt with carboinates, sulfites and sulfates
dilute HCl
Effervescence with carbonates
sulfur dioxide formed from sulfites
no reaction with sulfate
Organic
Phenol
Add Br2
2,4,6 tribromophenol
Antiseptic smell
White ppt
Add FeCl3
Violet solution
Aldehyde
Tollen's reagent
Silver mirror
Fehling's
Orange/red ppt of Cu+
Alcohol
Acidified potassium dichromate
Tertiary alcohol
no visible change, as tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
Primary and secondary
Orange to green colour change
primary oxidised to aldehyde then carboxylic acid
Secondary oxidised to ketone
Lucas test
Zinc chloride + conc HCl
Primary alcohol
No reaction at room temp
Secondary alcohol
Layers formed after 5 minutes
Tertiary alcohol
Layers form immediately
Iodoform
NaNO2 + I2
Potitive test
Ethanol
Secondary alcohol with a CH3 attatched with C with OH
Carbonyls
2,4 DNPH
Orange ppt formed
Can be purified and removed by suction filtration.
melting point test and compare with known literature values
Can identify aldehyde or ketone
Halogenoalkanes
Hydrolysis with NaOH
Nitric acid to remove unwanted ions
Silver nitrate
Cl-
Br-
I-
Alkene
Bromine water
Brown to colourless
Carboxylic acids
Na2CO3 or NaHCO3
Effervescence
Turns limewater cloudy
Ketones
Iodoform
NaOH + I2
Positive test for methyl ketones
Yellow ppt
Antiseptic smell
Esters
No chemical test but sweet smelling
Acyl chlorides
Add water
Misty fumes of HCl
Amines and amides
Add NaOH and warm
Fishy odour + turns damp red litmus blue
Ammonia released
Primary amine
Add HNO2
N2 gas released and effervescence is observed
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